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Pathogenicity of many Gram-negative bacteria relies on the injectionof effector proteins by type III secretion into eukaryotic cells,where they modulate host signaling pathways to the pathogen'sbenefit. One such effector protein injected by Xanthomonas intoplants is AvrBs3, which localizes to the plant cell nucleusand causes hypertrophy of plant mesophyll cells. We show thatAvrBs3 induces the expression of a master regulator of cellsize, upa20, which encodes a transcription factor containinga basic helix-loop-helix domain. AvrBs3 binds to a conservedelement in the upa20 promoter via its central repeat regionand induces gene expression through its activation domain. Thus,AvrBs3 and likely other members of this family provoke developmentalreprogramming of host cells by mimicking eukaryotic transcriptionfactors.
1 Institute of Biology, Department of Genetics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 10, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany. 2 Biozentrum, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 22, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
* Present address: Institut de Biologie Moléculaire etCellulaire, CNRS Unité Propre de Recherche 9022, 15 rueRené Descartes, F-67084 Strasbourg, France.
To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: ulla.bonas{at}genetik.uni-halle.de
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