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Science 22 June 2007:
Vol. 316. no. 5832, pp. 1756 - 1758
DOI: 10.1126/science.1140579
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Reports

Restriction of an Extinct Retrovirus by the Human TRIM5{alpha} Antiviral Protein

Shari M. Kaiser,1,2 Harmit S. Malik,3 Michael Emerman2,3*

Primate genomes contain a large number of endogenous retroviruses and encode evolutionarily dynamic proteins that provide intrinsic immunity to retroviral infections. We report here the resurrection of the core protein of a 4-million-year-old endogenous virus from the chimpanzee genome and show that the human variant of the intrinsic immune protein TRIM5{alpha} can actively prevent infection by this virus. However, we suggest that selective changes that have occurred in the human lineage during the acquisition of resistance to this virus, and perhaps similar viruses, may have left our species more susceptible to infection by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1).

1 Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
2 Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
3 Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: memerman{at}fhcrc.org

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THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES:
Porcine endogenous retroviruses PERV A and A/C recombinant are insensitive to a range of divergent mammalian TRIM5{alpha} proteins including human TRIM5{alpha}.
A. Wood, B. L. J. Webb, B. Bartosch, T. Schaller, Y. Takeuchi, and G. J. Towers (2009)
J. Gen. Virol. 90, 702-709
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From the Cover: A transitional endogenous lentivirus from the genome of a basal primate and implications for lentivirus evolution.
R. J. Gifford, A. Katzourakis, M. Tristem, O. G. Pybus, M. Winters, and R. W. Shafer (2008)
PNAS 105, 20362-20367
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Identification of Postentry Restrictions to Mason-Pfizer Monkey Virus Infection in New World Monkey Cells.
W. E. Diehl, E. Stansell, S. M. Kaiser, M. Emerman, and E. Hunter (2008)
J. Virol. 82, 11140-11151
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Deficiency in ubiquitin ligase TRIM2 causes accumulation of neurofilament light chain and neurodegeneration.
M. Balastik, F. Ferraguti, A. Pires-da Silva, T. H. Lee, G. Alvarez-Bolado, K. P. Lu, and P. Gruss (2008)
PNAS 105, 12016-12021
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Impact of Endogenous Intronic Retroviruses on Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II Diversity and Stability.
G. G. M. Doxiadis, N. de Groot, and R. E. Bontrop (2008)
J. Virol. 82, 6667-6677
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From the Cover: TRIMCyp expression in Old World primates Macaca nemestrina and Macaca fascicularis.
G. Brennan, Y. Kozyrev, and S.-L. Hu (2008)
PNAS 105, 3569-3574
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Antiretroviral Activity of Ancestral TRIM5{alpha}.
V. Goldschmidt, A. Ciuffi, M. Ortiz, D. Brawand, M. Munoz, H. Kaessmann, and A. Telenti (2008)
J. Virol. 82, 2089-2096
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