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Originally published in Science Express on 26 April 2007
Science 18 May 2007:
Vol. 316. no. 5827, pp. 1039 - 1043
DOI: 10.1126/science.1141478

Reports

MET Amplification Leads to Gefitinib Resistance in Lung Cancer by Activating ERBB3 Signaling

Jeffrey A. Engelman,1,2,3 Kreshnik Zejnullahu,4,5 Tetsuya Mitsudomi,6 Youngchul Song,2,3 Courtney Hyland,7 Joon Oh Park,4,5 Neal Lindeman,7 Christopher-Michael Gale,3 Xiaojun Zhao,5 James Christensen,8 Takayuki Kosaka,6 Alison J. Holmes,4,5 Andrew M. Rogers,5 Federico Cappuzzo,9 Tony Mok,10 Charles Lee,7 Bruce E. Johnson,4,5 Lewis C. Cantley,2,3 Pasi A. Jänne4,5*

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) kinase inhibitors gefitinib and erlotinib are effective treatments for lung cancers with EGFR activating mutations, but these tumors invariably develop drug resistance. Here, we describe a gefitinib-sensitive lung cancer cell line that developed resistance to gefitinib as a result of focal amplification of the MET proto-oncogene. inhibition of MET signaling in these cells restored their sensitivity to gefitinib. MET amplification was detected in 4 of 18 (22%) lung cancer specimens that had developed resistance to gefitinib or erlotinib. We find that amplification of MET causes gefitinib resistance by driving ERBB3 (HER3)–dependent activation of PI3K, a pathway thought to be specific to EGFR/ERBB family receptors. Thus, we propose that MET amplification may promote drug resistance in other ERBB-driven cancers as well.

1 Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
2 Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
3 Department of Signal Transduction, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
4 Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
5 Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
6 Department of Thoracic Surgery, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Nagoya 464-8681, Japan.
7 Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
8 Pfizer Global Research and Development, Department of Research Pharmacology, La Jolla Laboratories, La Jolla, CA 92121, USA.
9 Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Department on Hematology-Oncology, Rozzano 20089, Italy.
10 Department of Clinical Oncology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: pjanne{at}partners.org

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   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1 Contributes to Resistance to Anti-Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Drugs in Human Cancer Cells.
R. Bianco, R. Rosa, V. Damiano, G. Daniele, T. Gelardi, S. Garofalo, V. Tarallo, S. De Falco, D. Melisi, R. Benelli, et al. (2008)
Clin. Cancer Res. 14, 5069-5080
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Chromosomal Abnormalities in Cancer.
S. Frohling and H. Dohner (2008)
N. Engl. J. Med. 359, 722-734
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Improved tumor targeting of anti-epidermal growth factor receptor Nanobodies through albumin binding: taking advantage of modular Nanobody technology.
B. M. Tijink, T. Laeremans, M. Budde, M. S.-v. Walsum, T. Dreier, H. J. de Haard, C. R. Leemans, and G. A.M.S. van Dongen (2008)
Mol. Cancer Ther. 7, 2288-2297
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Case 23-2008 -- A 26-Year-Old Man with Back Pain and a Mass in the Lung.
L. V. Sequist, J. E. Settleman, J. B. Ackman, and A. J. Iafrate (2008)
N. Engl. J. Med. 359, 405-414
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Detection of Mutations in EGFR in Circulating Lung-Cancer Cells.
S. Maheswaran, L. V. Sequist, S. Nagrath, L. Ulkus, B. Brannigan, C. V. Collura, E. Inserra, S. Diederichs, A. J. Iafrate, D. W. Bell, et al. (2008)
N. Engl. J. Med. 359, 366-377
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Erlotinib in a Patient With Acute Myelogenous Leukemia and Concomitant Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer.
V. Pitini, C. Arrigo, and G. Altavilla (2008)
J. Clin. Oncol. 26, 3645-3646
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Hsp90 Inhibition Suppresses Mutant EGFR-T790M Signaling and Overcomes Kinase Inhibitor Resistance.
T. Shimamura, D. Li, H. Ji, H. J. Haringsma, E. Liniker, C. L. Borgman, A. M. Lowell, Y. Minami, K. McNamara, S. A. Perera, et al. (2008)
Cancer Res. 68, 5827-5838
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Class 1A PI3K regulates vessel integrity during development and tumorigenesis.
T. L. Yuan, H. S. Choi, A. Matsui, C. Benes, E. Lifshits, J. Luo, J. V. Frangioni, and L. C. Cantley (2008)
PNAS 105, 9739-9744
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Therapeutic targeting of human hepatocyte growth factor with a single neutralizing monoclonal antibody reduces lung tumorigenesis.
L. P. Stabile, M. E. Rothstein, P. Keohavong, J. Jin, J. Yin, S. R. Land, S. Dacic, T. M. Luong, K. J. Kim, A. M. Dulak, et al. (2008)
Mol. Cancer Ther. 7, 1913-1922
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MicroRNA miR-199a* Regulates the MET Proto-oncogene and the Downstream Extracellular Signal-regulated Kinase 2 (ERK2).
S. Kim, U. J. Lee, M. N. Kim, E.-J. Lee, J. Y. Kim, M. Y. Lee, S. Choung, Y. J. Kim, and Y.-C. Choi (2008)
J. Biol. Chem. 283, 18158-18166
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Elevated CRAF as a Potential Mechanism of Acquired Resistance to BRAF Inhibition in Melanoma.
C. Montagut, S. V. Sharma, T. Shioda, U. McDermott, M. Ulman, L. E. Ulkus, D. Dias-Santagata, H. Stubbs, D. Y. Lee, A. Singh, et al. (2008)
Cancer Res. 68, 4853-4861
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Specific EGFR Mutations Predict Treatment Outcome of Stage IIIB/IV Patients With Chemotherapy-Naive Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Receiving First-Line Gefitinib Monotherapy.
C.-H. Yang, C.-J. Yu, J.-Y. Shih, Y.-C. Chang, F.-C. Hu, M.-C. Tsai, K.-Y. Chen, Z.-Z. Lin, C.-J. Huang, C.-T. Shun, et al. (2008)
J. Clin. Oncol. 26, 2745-2753
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Neuregulins and Cancer.
J. C. Montero, R. Rodriguez-Barrueco, A. Ocana, E. Diaz-Rodriguez, A. Esparis-Ogando, and A. Pandiella (2008)
Clin. Cancer Res. 14, 3237-3241
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First-Line Gefitinib in Patients With Advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Harboring Somatic EGFR Mutations.
L. V. Sequist, R. G. Martins, D. Spigel, S. M. Grunberg, A. Spira, P. A. Janne, V. A. Joshi, D. McCollum, T. L. Evans, A. Muzikansky, et al. (2008)
J. Clin. Oncol. 26, 2442-2449
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Molecular Selection of Patients for First-Line Treatment of Advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer With Epidermal Growth Factor Inhibitors: Not Quite Ready for Prime Time.
F. A. Shepherd (2008)
J. Clin. Oncol. 26, 2426-2427
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Inhibition of N-Linked Glycosylation Disrupts Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Signaling in Tumor Cells.
J. N. Contessa, M. S. Bhojani, H. H. Freeze, A. Rehemtulla, and T. S. Lawrence (2008)
Cancer Res. 68, 3803-3809
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Mechanisms of Acquired Resistance to Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.
J. A. Engelman and P. A. Janne (2008)
Clin. Cancer Res. 14, 2895-2899
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Met and c-Src Cooperate to Compensate for Loss of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Kinase Activity in Breast Cancer Cells.
K. L. Mueller, L. A. Hunter, S. P. Ethier, and J. L. Boerner (2008)
Cancer Res. 68, 3314-3322
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EXEL-7647 Inhibits Mutant Forms of ErbB2 Associated with Lapatinib Resistance and Neoplastic Transformation.
T. Trowe, S. Boukouvala, K. Calkins, R. E. Cutler Jr., R. Fong, R. Funke, S. B. Gendreau, Y. D. Kim, N. Miller, J. R. Woolfrey, et al. (2008)
Clin. Cancer Res. 14, 2465-2475
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