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Originally published in Science Express on 12 April 2007
Science 11 May 2007:
Vol. 316. no. 5826, pp. 889 - 894
DOI: 10.1126/science.1141634
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Reports

A Common Variant in the FTO Gene Is Associated with Body Mass Index and Predisposes to Childhood and Adult Obesity

Timothy M. Frayling,1,2* Nicholas J. Timpson,3,4* Michael N. Weedon,1,2* Eleftheria Zeggini,3,5* Rachel M. Freathy,1,2 Cecilia M. Lindgren,3,5 John R. B. Perry,1,2 Katherine S. Elliott,3 Hana Lango,1,2 Nigel W. Rayner,3,5 Beverley Shields,2 Lorna W. Harries,2 Jeffrey C. Barrett,3 Sian Ellard,2,6 Christopher J. Groves,5 Bridget Knight,2 Ann-Marie Patch,2,6 Andrew R. Ness,7 Shah Ebrahim,8 Debbie A. Lawlor,9 Susan M. Ring,9 Yoav Ben-Shlomo,9 Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin,10,11 Ulla Sovio,10,11 Amanda J. Bennett,5 David Melzer,1,12 Luigi Ferrucci,13 Ruth J. F. Loos,14 Inês Barroso,15 Nicholas J. Wareham,14 Fredrik Karpe,5 Katharine R. Owen,5 Lon R. Cardon,3 Mark Walker,16 Graham A. Hitman,17 Colin N. A. Palmer,18 Alex S. F. Doney,19 Andrew D. Morris,19 George Davey Smith,4 The Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium{dagger} Andrew T. Hattersley,1,2{ddagger}§ Mark I. McCarthy3,5{ddagger}

Obesity is a serious international health problem that increases the risk of several common diseases. The genetic factors predisposing to obesity are poorly understood. A genome-wide search for type 2 diabetes–susceptibility genes identified a common variant in the FTO (fat mass and obesity associated) gene that predisposes to diabetes through an effect on body mass index (BMI). An additive association of the variant with BMI was replicated in 13 cohorts with 38,759 participants. The 16% of adults who are homozygous for the risk allele weighed about 3 kilograms more and had 1.67-fold increased odds of obesity when compared with those not inheriting a risk allele. This association was observed from age 7 years upward and reflects a specific increase in fat mass.

1 Genetics of Complex Traits, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Peninsula Medical School, Magdalen Road, Exeter, UK.
2 Diabetes Genetics, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Peninsula Medical School, Barrack Road, Exeter, UK.
3 Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, UK.
4 MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, Bristol University, Canynge Hall, Whiteladies Road, Bristol, UK.
5 Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK.
6 Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Royal Devon and Exeter National Health Service Foundation Trust, Old Pathology Building, Barrack Road, Exeter, UK.
7 Department of Oral and Dental Science, University of Bristol Dental School, Lower Maudlin Street, Bristol, UK.
8 Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
9 Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, Whiteladies Road, Bristol, UK.
10 Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK.
11 Department of Public Health Science and General Practice, Fin-90014, University of Oulu, Finland.
12 Epidemiology and Public Health Group, Peninsula Medical School, Barrack Road, Exeter, UK.
13 Longitudinal Studies Section, Clinical Research Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
14 Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, Strangeways Research Laboratories, Cambridge, UK.
15 Metabolic Disease Group, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.
16 Diabetes Research Group, School of Clinical Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
17 Centre for Diabetes and Metabolic Medicine, Barts and The London, Royal London Hospital, Whitechapel, London, UK.
18 Population Pharmacogenetics Group, Biomedical Research Centre, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.
19 Diabetes Research Group, Division of Medicine and Therapeutics, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.

* These authors contributed equally to this work.

{dagger} Membership of the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium is listed in the Supporting Online Material.

{ddagger} These authors contributed equally to this work.

§ To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: Andrew.Hattersley{at}pms.ac.uk

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Genome-wide association scans identified CTNNBL1 as a novel gene for obesity.
Y.-J. Liu, X.-G. Liu, L. Wang, C. Dina, H. Yan, J.-F. Liu, S. Levy, C. J. Papasian, B. M. Drees, J. J. Hamilton, et al. (2008)
Hum. Mol. Genet. 17, 1803-1813
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Reporting and interpretation in genome-wide association studies.
J. Wakefield (2008)
Int. J. Epidemiol. 37, 641-653
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A meta-analysis of QTL for diabetes-related traits in rodents.
C. Schmidt, N. P. Gonzaludo, S. Strunk, S. Dahm, J. Schuchhardt, F. Kleinjung, S. Wuschke, H.-G. Joost, and H. Al-Hasani (2008)
Physiol Genomics 34, 42-53
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The Obesity Gene, FTO, Is of Ancient Origin, Up-Regulated during Food Deprivation and Expressed in Neurons of Feeding-Related Nuclei of the Brain.
R. Fredriksson, M. Hagglund, P. K. Olszewski, O. Stephansson, J. A. Jacobsson, A. M. Olszewska, A. S. Levine, J. Lindblom, and H. B. Schioth (2008)
Endocrinology 149, 2062-2071
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Recent advances in the molecular pathology, cell biology and genetics of ciliopathies.
M Adams, U M Smith, C V Logan, and C A Johnson (2008)
J. Med. Genet. 45, 257-267
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Common Variation in the FTO Gene Alters Diabetes-Related Metabolic Traits to the Extent Expected Given Its Effect on BMI.
R. M. Freathy, N. J. Timpson, D. A. Lawlor, A. Pouta, Y. Ben-Shlomo, A. Ruokonen, S. Ebrahim, B. Shields, E. Zeggini, M. N. Weedon, et al. (2008)
Diabetes 57, 1419-1426
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A Lifetime of Aldosterone Excess: Long-Term Consequences of Altered Regulation of Aldosterone Production for Cardiovascular Function.
J. M. C. Connell, S. M. MacKenzie, E. M. Freel, R. Fraser, and E. Davies (2008)
Endocr. Rev. 29, 133-154
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The Association between the FTO Gene and Fat Mass in Humans Develops by the Postnatal Age of Two Weeks.
A. Lopez-Bermejo, C. J. Petry, M. Diaz, G. Sebastiani, F. de Zegher, D. B. Dunger, and L. Ibanez (2008)
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 93, 1501-1505
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Genetic Variants of FTO Influence Adiposity, Insulin Sensitivity, Leptin Levels, and Resting Metabolic Rate in the Quebec Family Study.
R. Do, S. D. Bailey, K. Desbiens, A. Belisle, A. Montpetit, C. Bouchard, L. Perusse, M.-C. Vohl, and J. C. Engert (2008)
Diabetes 57, 1147-1150
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How to Interpret a Genome-wide Association Study.
T. A. Pearson and T. A. Manolio (2008)
JAMA 299, 1335-1344
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The FTO (fat mass and obesity-associated) gene: big in adipocyte lipolysis?.
C. C. Shoulders (2008)
J. Lipid Res. 49, 495-496
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The common rs9939609 gene variant of the fat mass- and obesity-associated gene FTO is related to fat cell lipolysis.
K. Wahlen, E. Sjolin, and J. Hoffstedt (2008)
J. Lipid Res. 49, 607-611
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Association of Morbid Obesity With FTO and INSIG2 Allelic Variants.
X. Chu, R. Erdman, M. Susek, H. Gerst, K. Derr, M. Al-Agha, G. C. Wood, C. Hartman, S. Yeager, M. A. Blosky, et al. (2008)
Arch Surg 143, 235-240
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Association of CDKAL1, IGF2BP2, CDKN2A/B, HHEX, SLC30A8, and KCNJ11 With Susceptibility to Type 2 Diabetes in a Japanese Population.
S. Omori, Y. Tanaka, A. Takahashi, H. Hirose, A. Kashiwagi, K. Kaku, R. Kawamori, Y. Nakamura, and S. Maeda (2008)
Diabetes 57, 791-795
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A Candidate Type 2 Diabetes Polymorphism Near the HHEX Locus Affects Acute Glucose-Stimulated Insulin Release in European Populations: Results from the EUGENE2 study.
H. Staiger, A. Stancakova, J. Zilinskaite, M. Vanttinen, T. Hansen, M. A. Marini, A. Hammarstedt, P.-A. Jansson, G. Sesti, U. Smith, et al. (2008)
Diabetes 57, 514-517
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Required sample size and nonreplicability thresholds for heterogeneous genetic associations.
R. Moonesinghe, M. J. Khoury, T. Liu, and J. P. A. Ioannidis (2008)
PNAS 105, 617-622
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