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Science 12 January 2007:
Vol. 315. no. 5809, pp. 207 - 212
DOI: 10.1126/science.1132894
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Research Articles

Draft Genome Sequence of the Sexually Transmitted Pathogen Trichomonas vaginalis

Jane M. Carlton,1*{dagger} Robert P. Hirt,2 Joana C. Silva,1 Arthur L. Delcher,3 Michael Schatz,3 Qi Zhao,1 Jennifer R. Wortman,1 Shelby L. Bidwell,1 U. Cecilia M. Alsmark,2 Sébastien Besteiro,4 Thomas Sicheritz-Ponten,5 Christophe J. Noel,2 Joel B. Dacks,6 Peter G. Foster,7 Cedric Simillion,8 Yves Van de Peer,8 Diego Miranda-Saavedra,9 Geoffrey J. Barton,9 Gareth D. Westrop,4 Sylke Müller,4 Daniele Dessi,10 Pier Luigi Fiori,10 Qinghu Ren,1 Ian Paulsen,1 Hanbang Zhang,1 Felix D. Bastida-Corcuera,11 Augusto Simoes-Barbosa,11 Mark T. Brown,11 Richard D. Hayes,11 Mandira Mukherjee,11 Cheryl Y. Okumura,11 Rachel Schneider,11 Alias J. Smith,11 Stepanka Vanacova,11 Maria Villalvazo,11 Brian J. Haas,1 Mihaela Pertea,3 Tamara V. Feldblyum,1 Terry R. Utterback,12 Chung-Li Shu,13 Kazutoyo Osoegawa,13 Pieter J. de Jong,13 Ivan Hrdy,14 Lenka Horvathova,14 Zuzana Zubacova,14 Pavel Dolezal,14 Shehre-Banoo Malik,15 John M. Logsdon, Jr.,15 Katrin Henze,16 Arti Gupta,17 Ching C. Wang,17 Rebecca L. Dunne,18 Jacqueline A. Upcroft,19 Peter Upcroft,19 Owen White,1 Steven L. Salzberg,3 Petrus Tang,20 Cheng-Hsun Chiu,21 Ying-Shiung Lee,22 T. Martin Embley,2 Graham H. Coombs,23 Jeremy C. Mottram,4 Jan Tachezy,14 Claire M. Fraser-Liggett,1 Patricia J. Johnson11

We describe the genome sequence of the protist Trichomonas vaginalis, a sexually transmitted human pathogen. Repeats and transposable elements comprise about two-thirds of the ~160-megabase genome, reflecting a recent massive expansion of genetic material. This expansion, in conjunction with the shaping of metabolic pathways that likely transpired through lateral gene transfer from bacteria, and amplification of specific gene families implicated in pathogenesis and phagocytosis of host proteins may exemplify adaptations of the parasite during its transition to a urogenital environment. The genome sequence predicts previously unknown functions for the hydrogenosome, which support a common evolutionary origin of this unusual organelle with mitochondria.

1 Institute for Genomic Research, 9712 Medical Research Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
2 Division of Biology, Devonshire Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK.
3 Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
4 Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology and Division of Infection and Immunity, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK.
5 Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, BioCentrum-DTU, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark.
6 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada.
7 Department of Zoology, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK.
8 Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
9 School of Life Sciences Research, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK.
10 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Experimental and Clinical Microbiology, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43/b, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
11 Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095–1489, USA.
12 J. Craig Venter Joint Technology Center, 5 Research Place, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
13 Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, 747 52nd Street, Oakland, CA 94609, USA.
14 Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 128 44 Prague, Czech Republic.
15 Department of Biological Sciences, Roy J. Carver Center for Comparative Genomics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242–1324, USA.
16 Institute of Botany, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
17 Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143–2280, USA.
18 Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.
19 Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia.
20 Bioinformatics Center/Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
21 Molecular Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
22 Medical Genomic Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
23 Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, John Arbuthnott Building, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NR, UK.

{dagger} Present address: Department of Medical Parasitology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10011, USA.

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: jane.carlton{at}med.nyu.edu

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Frataxin, a Conserved Mitochondrial Protein, in the Hydrogenosome of Trichomonas vaginalis.
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Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Trichomonas vaginalis Ferredoxin Show a Loop-Cap Transition.
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