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Organics Captured from Comet 81P/Wild 2 by the Stardust Spacecraft
Scott A. Sandford,1*Jérôme Aléon,2,3Conel M. O'D. Alexander,4Tohru Araki,5Saa Bajt,6Giuseppe A. Baratta,7Janet Borg,8John P. Bradley,6Donald E. Brownlee,9John R. Brucato,10Mark J. Burchell,11Henner Busemann,4Anna Butterworth,12Simon J. Clemett,13George Cody,14Luigi Colangeli,10George Cooper,15Louis D'Hendecourt,7Zahia Djouadi,8Jason P. Dworkin,16Gianluca Ferrini,17Holger Fleckenstein,18George J. Flynn,19Ian A. Franchi,20Marc Fries,14Mary K. Gilles,21Daniel P. Glavin,16Matthieu Gounelle,22Faustine Grossemy,8Chris Jacobsen,18Lindsay P. Keller,23A. L. David Kilcoyne,21,24Jan Leitner,25Graciela Matrajt,9Anders Meibom,22Vito Mennella,10Smail Mostefaoui,22Larry R. Nittler,4Maria E. Palumbo,7Dimitri A. Papanastassiou,26François Robert,22Alessandra Rotundi,27Christopher J. Snead,12Maegan K. Spencer,28Frank J. Stadermann,29Andrew Steele,14Thomas Stephan,25Peter Tsou,26Tolek Tyliszczak,21,24Andrew J. Westphal,12Sue Wirick,18Brigitte Wopenka,30Hikaru Yabuta,14Richard N. Zare,28Michael E. Zolensky31
Organics found in comet 81P/Wild 2 samples show a heterogeneousand unequilibrated distribution in abundance and composition.Some organics are similar, but not identical, to those in interplanetarydust particles and carbonaceous meteorites. A class of aromatic-poororganic material is also present. The organics are rich in oxygenand nitrogen compared with meteoritic organics. Aromatic compoundsare present, but the samples tend to be relatively poorer inaromatics than are meteorites and interplanetary dust particles.The presence of deuterium and nitrogen-15 excesses suggest thatsome organics have an interstellar/protostellar heritage. Althoughthe variable extent of modification of these materials by impactcapture is not yet fully constrained, a diverse suite of organiccompounds is present and identifiable within the returned samples.
1 Astrophysics Branch, NASA-Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA. 2 Glenn T. Seaborg Institute, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. 3 Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France. 4 Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie Institution, Washington, DC 20015–1305, USA. 5 Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA. 6 Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA. 7 Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy. 8 Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, Campus, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France. 9 Department of Astronomy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. 10 INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Via Moiariello 16, 80131 Napoli, Italy. 11 School of Physical Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NH, UK. 12 Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720–7450, USA. 13 Expense Reduction Consulting, Inc., NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA. 14 Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC 20015, USA. 15 Exobiology Branch, NASA-Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA. 16 Goddard Center for Astrobiology, NASA-Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA. 17 Novaetech s.r.l., Città della Scienza, via Cordoglio 57d, 80124 Napoli, Italy. 18 Physics and Astronomy Department, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794–3800, USA. 19 Department of Physics, State University of New York at Plattsburgh, Plattsburgh, NY 12901, USA. 20 Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute, Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK. 21 Chemical Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720–8225, USA. 22 Laboratoire d'Etude de la Matiere Extraterrestre, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France. 23 NASA, Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA. 24 Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720–8225, USA. 25 Institut für Planetologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Strasse 10, 48149 Münster, Germany. 26 Science Division, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA. 27 Dipartimento Scienze Applicate, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Parthenope," Napoli 80133, Italy. 28 Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305–5080, USA. 29 Department of Physics and McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA. 30 Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130–4899, USA. 31 Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA, Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA.
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: ssandford{at}mail.arc.nasa.gov
Michael F. A'Hearn (15 December 2006) Science314 (5806), 1708.
[DOI: 10.1126/science.1137083] |Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
PERSPECTIVE
Don S. Burnett (15 December 2006) Science314 (5806), 1709.
[DOI: 10.1126/science.1137084] |Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
RESEARCH ARTICLES
Don Brownlee, Peter Tsou, Jérôme Aléon, Conel M. O'D. Alexander, Tohru Araki, Sasa Bajt, Giuseppe A. Baratta, Ron Bastien, Phil Bland, Pierre Bleuet, Janet Borg, John P. Bradley, Adrian Brearley, F. Brenker, Sean Brennan, John C. Bridges, Nigel D. Browning, John R. Brucato, E. Bullock, Mark J. Burchell, Henner Busemann, Anna Butterworth, Marc Chaussidon, Allan Cheuvront, Miaofang Chi, Mark J. Cintala, B. C. Clark, Simon J. Clemett, George Cody, Luigi Colangeli, George Cooper, Patrick Cordier, C. Daghlian, Zurong Dai, Louis D'Hendecourt, Zahia Djouadi, Gerardo Dominguez, Tom Duxbury, Jason P. Dworkin, Denton S. Ebel, Thanasis E. Economou, Sirine Fakra, Sam A. J. Fairey, Stewart Fallon, Gianluca Ferrini, T. Ferroir, Holger Fleckenstein, Christine Floss, George Flynn, Ian A. Franchi, Marc Fries, Z. Gainsforth, J.-P. Gallien, Matt Genge, Mary K. Gilles, Philipe Gillet, Jamie Gilmour, Daniel P. Glavin, Matthieu Gounelle, Monica M. Grady, Giles A. Graham, P. G. Grant, Simon F. Green, Faustine Grossemy, Lawrence Grossman, Jeffrey N. Grossman, Yunbin Guan, Kenji Hagiya, Ralph Harvey, Philipp Heck, Gregory F. Herzog, Peter Hoppe, Friedrich Hörz, Joachim Huth, Ian D. Hutcheon, Konstantin Ignatyev, Hope Ishii, Motoo Ito, Damien Jacob, Chris Jacobsen, Stein Jacobsen, Steven Jones, David Joswiak, Amy Jurewicz, Anton T. Kearsley, Lindsay P. Keller, H. Khodja, A.L. David Kilcoyne, Jochen Kissel, Alexander Krot, Falko Langenhorst, Antonio Lanzirotti, Loan Le, Laurie A. Leshin, J. Leitner, L. Lemelle, Hugues Leroux, Ming-Chang Liu, K. Luening, Ian Lyon, Glen MacPherson, Matthew A. Marcus, Kuljeet Marhas, Bernard Marty, Graciela Matrajt, Kevin McKeegan, Anders Meibom, Vito Mennella, Keiko Messenger, Scott Messenger, Takashi Mikouchi, Smail Mostefaoui, Tomoki Nakamura, T. Nakano, M. Newville, Larry R. Nittler, Ichiro Ohnishi, Kazumasa Ohsumi, Kyoko Okudaira, Dimitri A. Papanastassiou, Russ Palma, Maria E. Palumbo, Robert O. Pepin, David Perkins, Murielle Perronnet, P. Pianetta, William Rao, Frans J. M. Rietmeijer, François Robert, D. Rost, Alessandra Rotundi, Robert Ryan, Scott A. Sandford, Craig S. Schwandt, Thomas H. See, Dennis Schlutter, J. Sheffield-Parker, Alexandre Simionovici, Steven Simon, I. Sitnitsky, Christopher J. Snead, Maegan K. Spencer, Frank J. Stadermann, Andrew Steele, Thomas Stephan, Rhonda Stroud, Jean Susini, S. R. Sutton, Y. Suzuki, Mitra Taheri, Susan Taylor, Nick Teslich, Kazu Tomeoka, Naotaka Tomioka, Alice Toppani, Josep M. Trigo-Rodríguez, David Troadec, Akira Tsuchiyama, Anthony J. Tuzzolino, Tolek Tyliszczak, K. Uesugi, Michael Velbel, Joe Vellenga, E. Vicenzi, L. Vincze, Jack Warren, Iris Weber, Mike Weisberg, Andrew J. Westphal, Sue Wirick, Diane Wooden, Brigitte Wopenka, Penelope Wozniakiewicz, Ian Wright, Hikaru Yabuta, Hajime Yano, Edward D. Young, Richard N. Zare, Thomas Zega, Karen Ziegler, Laurent Zimmerman, Ernst Zinner, and Michael Zolensky (15 December 2006) Science314 (5806), 1711.
[DOI: 10.1126/science.1135840] |Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
REPORTS
Friedrich Hörz, Ron Bastien, Janet Borg, John P. Bradley, John C. Bridges, Donald E. Brownlee, Mark J. Burchell, Miaofang Chi, Mark J. Cintala, Zu Rong Dai, Zahia Djouadi, Gerardo Dominguez, Thanasis E. Economou, Sam A. J. Fairey, Christine Floss, Ian A. Franchi, Giles A. Graham, Simon F. Green, Philipp Heck, Peter Hoppe, Joachim Huth, Hope Ishii, Anton T. Kearsley, Jochen Kissel, Jan Leitner, Hugues Leroux, Kuljeet Marhas, Keiko Messenger, Craig S. Schwandt, Thomas H. See, Christopher Snead, Frank J. Stadermann, I, Thomas Stephan, Rhonda Stroud, Nick Teslich, Josep M. Trigo-Rodríguez, A. J. Tuzzolino, David Troadec, Peter Tsou, Jack Warren, Andrew Westphal, Penelope Wozniakiewicz, Ian Wright, and Ernst Zinner (15 December 2006) Science314 (5806), 1716.
[DOI: 10.1126/science.1135705] |Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »|Supporting Online Material »
REPORTS
Kevin D. McKeegan, Jerome Aléon, John Bradley, Donald Brownlee, Henner Busemann, Anna Butterworth, Marc Chaussidon, Stewart Fallon, Christine Floss, Jamie Gilmour, Matthieu Gounelle, Giles Graham, Yunbin Guan, Philipp R. Heck, Peter Hoppe, Ian D. Hutcheon, Joachim Huth, Hope Ishii, Motoo Ito, Stein B. Jacobsen, Anton Kearsley, Laurie A. Leshin, Ming-Chang Liu, Ian Lyon, Kuljeet Marhas, Bernard Marty, Graciela Matrajt, Anders Meibom, Scott Messenger, Smail Mostefaoui, Sujoy Mukhopadhyay, Keiko Nakamura-Messenger, Larry Nittler, Russ Palma, Robert O. Pepin, Dimitri A. Papanastassiou, François Robert, Dennis Schlutter, Christopher J. Snead, Frank J. Stadermann, Rhonda Stroud, Peter Tsou, Andrew Westphal, Edward D. Young, Karen Ziegler, Laurent Zimmermann, and Ernst Zinner (15 December 2006) Science314 (5806), 1724.
[DOI: 10.1126/science.1135992] |Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »|Supporting Online Material »
REPORTS
Lindsay P. Keller, Sasa Bajt, Giuseppe A. Baratta, Janet Borg, John P. Bradley, Don E. Brownlee, Henner Busemann, John R. Brucato, Mark Burchell, Luigi Colangeli, Louis d'Hendecourt, Zahia Djouadi, Gianluca Ferrini, George Flynn, Ian A. Franchi, Marc Fries, Monica M. Grady, Giles A. Graham, Faustine Grossemy, Anton Kearsley, Graciela Matrajt, Keiko Nakamura-Messenger, Vito Mennella, Larry Nittler, Maria E. Palumbo, Frank J. Stadermann, Peter Tsou, Alessandra Rotundi, Scott A. Sandford, Christopher Snead, Andrew Steele, Diane Wooden, and Mike Zolensky (15 December 2006) Science314 (5806), 1728.
[DOI: 10.1126/science.1135796] |Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »|Supporting Online Material »
REPORTS
George J. Flynn, Pierre Bleuet, Janet Borg, John P. Bradley, Frank E. Brenker, Sean Brennan, John Bridges, Don E. Brownlee, Emma S. Bullock, Manfred Burghammer, Benton C. Clark, Zu Rong Dai, Charles P. Daghlian, Zahia Djouadi, Sirine Fakra, Tristan Ferroir, Christine Floss, Ian A. Franchi, Zack Gainsforth, Jean-Paul Gallien, Philippe Gillet, Patrick G. Grant, Giles A. Graham, Simon F. Green, Faustine Grossemy, Philipp R. Heck, Gregory F. Herzog, Peter Hoppe, Friedrich Hörz, Joachim Huth, Konstantin Ignatyev, Hope A. Ishii, Koen Janssens, David Joswiak, Anton T. Kearsley, Hicham Khodja, Antonio Lanzirotti, Jan Leitner, Laurence Lemelle, Hugues Leroux, Katharina Luening, Glenn J. MacPherson, Kuljeet K. Marhas, Matthew A. Marcus, Graciela Matrajt, Tomoki Nakamura, Keiko Nakamura-Messenger, Tsukasa Nakano, Matthew Newville, Dimitri A. Papanastassiou, Piero Pianetta, William Rao, Christian Riekel, Frans J. M. Rietmeijer, Detlef Rost, Craig S. Schwandt, Thomas H. See, Julie Sheffield-Parker, Alexandre Simionovici, Ilona Sitnitsky, Christopher J. Snead, Frank J. Stadermann, Thomas Stephan, Rhonda M. Stroud, Jean Susini, Yoshio Suzuki, Stephen R. Sutton, Susan Taylor, Nick Teslich, D. Troadec, Peter Tsou, Akira Tsuchiyama, Kentaro Uesugi, Bart Vekemans, Edward P. Vicenzi, Laszlo Vincze, Andrew J. Westphal, Penelope Wozniakiewicz, Ernst Zinner, and Michael E. Zolensky (15 December 2006) Science314 (5806), 1731.
[DOI: 10.1126/science.1136141] |Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »|Supporting Online Material »
REPORTS
Michael E. Zolensky, Thomas J. Zega, Hajime Yano, Sue Wirick, Andrew J. Westphal, Mike K. Weisberg, Iris Weber, Jack L. Warren, Michael A. Velbel, Akira Tsuchiyama, Peter Tsou, Alice Toppani, Naotaka Tomioka, Kazushige Tomeoka, Nick Teslich, Mitra Taheri, Jean Susini, Rhonda Stroud, Thomas Stephan, Frank J. Stadermann, Christopher J. Snead, Steven B. Simon, Alexandre Simionovici, Thomas H. See, François Robert, Frans J. M. Rietmeijer, William Rao, Murielle C. Perronnet, Dimitri A. Papanastassiou, Kyoko Okudaira, Kazumasa Ohsumi, Ichiro Ohnishi, Keiko Nakamura-Messenger, Tomoki Nakamura, Smail Mostefaoui, Takashi Mikouchi, Anders Meibom, Graciela Matrajt, Matthew A. Marcus, Hugues Leroux, Laurence Lemelle, Loan Le, Antonio Lanzirotti, Falko Langenhorst, Alexander N. Krot, Lindsay P. Keller, Anton T. Kearsley, David Joswiak, Damien Jacob, Hope Ishii, Ralph Harvey, Kenji Hagiya, Lawrence Grossman, Jeffrey N. Grossman, Giles A. Graham, Matthieu Gounelle, Philippe Gillet, Matthew J. Genge, George Flynn, Tristan Ferroir, Stewart Fallon, Denton S. Ebel, Zu Rong Dai, Patrick Cordier, Benton Clark, Miaofang Chi, Anna L. Butterworth, Donald E. Brownlee, John C. Bridges, Sean Brennan, Adrian Brearley, John P. Bradley, Pierre Bleuet, Phil A. Bland, and Ron Bastien (15 December 2006) Science314 (5806), 1735.
[DOI: 10.1126/science.1135842] |Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »|Supporting Online Material »
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