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RIG-I-Mediated Antiviral Responses to Single-Stranded RNA Bearing 5'-Phosphates
Andreas Pichlmair,1Oliver Schulz,1Choon Ping Tan,1Tanja I. Näslund,2Peter Liljeström,2Friedemann Weber,3Caetano Reis e Sousa1*
Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) produced during viral replicationis believed to be the critical trigger for activation of antiviralimmunity mediated by the RNA helicase enzymes retinoic acid–induciblegene I (RIG-I) and melanoma differentiation–associatedgene 5 (MDA5). We showed that influenza A virus infection doesnot generate dsRNA and that RIG-I is activated by viral genomicsingle-stranded RNA (ssRNA) bearing 5'-phosphates. This is blockedby the influenza protein nonstructured protein 1 (NS1), whichis found in a complex with RIG-I in infected cells. These resultsidentify RIG-I as a ssRNA sensor and potential target of viralimmune evasion and suggest that its ability to sense 5'-phosphorylatedRNA evolved in the innate immune system as a means of discriminatingbetween self and nonself.
1 Immunobiology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, London WC2A 3PX, UK. 2 Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden. 3 Department of Virology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany.
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: caetano{at}cancer.org.uk
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J. Seago, L. Hilton, E. Reid, V. Doceul, J. Jeyatheesan, K. Moganeradj, J. McCauley, B. Charleston, and S. Goodbourn (2007)
J. Gen. Virol.
88, 3002-3006
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Functional Genomic and Serological Analysis of the Protective Immune Response Resulting from Vaccination of Macaques with an NS1-Truncated Influenza Virus.
C. R. Baskin, H. Bielefeldt-Ohmann, A. Garcia-Sastre, T. M. Tumpey, N. Van Hoeven, V. S. Carter, M. J. Thomas, S. Proll, A. Solorzano, R. Billharz, et al. (2007)
J. Virol.
81, 11817-11827
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Activation of Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Signaling by the Nonstructural NS1 Protein Is Not Conserved among Type A and B Influenza Viruses.
Differential Type I IFN-Inducing Abilities of Wild-Type versus Vaccine Strains of Measles Virus.
M. Shingai, T. Ebihara, N. A. Begum, A. Kato, T. Honma, K. Matsumoto, H. Saito, H. Ogura, M. Matsumoto, and T. Seya (2007)
J. Immunol.
179, 6123-6133
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Vesicular Stomatitis Virus mRNA Capping Machinery Requires Specific cis-Acting Signals in the RNA.
J. T. Wang, L. E. McElvain, and S. P. J. Whelan (2007)
J. Virol.
81, 11499-11506
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Differential Role of TLR- and RLR-Signaling in the Immune Responses to Influenza A Virus Infection and Vaccination.
S. Koyama, K. J. Ishii, H. Kumar, T. Tanimoto, C. Coban, S. Uematsu, T. Kawai, and S. Akira (2007)
J. Immunol.
179, 4711-4720
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IFN Regulatory Factor Family Members Differentially Regulate the Expression of Type III IFN (IFN-{lambda}) Genes.
P. I. Osterlund, T. E. Pietila, V. Veckman, S. V. Kotenko, and I. Julkunen (2007)
J. Immunol.
179, 3434-3442
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Persistent and Stable Gene Expression by a Cytoplasmic RNA Replicon Based on a Noncytopathic Variant Sendai Virus.
K. Nishimura, H. Segawa, T. Goto, M. Morishita, A. Masago, H. Takahashi, Y. Ohmiya, T. Sakaguchi, M. Asada, T. Imamura, et al. (2007)
J. Biol. Chem.
282, 27383-27391
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Hepatitis C Virus Nonstructural Protein 5A Modulates the Toll-Like Receptor-MyD88-Dependent Signaling Pathway in Macrophage Cell Lines.
T. Abe, Y. Kaname, I. Hamamoto, Y. Tsuda, X. Wen, S. Taguwa, K. Moriishi, O. Takeuchi, T. Kawai, T. Kanto, et al. (2007)
J. Virol.
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