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Originally published in Science Express on 12 October 2006
Science 10 November 2006:
Vol. 314. no. 5801, pp. 997 - 1001
DOI: 10.1126/science.1132998

Reports

RIG-I-Mediated Antiviral Responses to Single-Stranded RNA Bearing 5'-Phosphates

Andreas Pichlmair,1 Oliver Schulz,1 Choon Ping Tan,1 Tanja I. Näslund,2 Peter Liljeström,2 Friedemann Weber,3 Caetano Reis e Sousa1*

Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) produced during viral replication is believed to be the critical trigger for activation of antiviral immunity mediated by the RNA helicase enzymes retinoic acid–inducible gene I (RIG-I) and melanoma differentiation–associated gene 5 (MDA5). We showed that influenza A virus infection does not generate dsRNA and that RIG-I is activated by viral genomic single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) bearing 5'-phosphates. This is blocked by the influenza protein nonstructured protein 1 (NS1), which is found in a complex with RIG-I in infected cells. These results identify RIG-I as a ssRNA sensor and potential target of viral immune evasion and suggest that its ability to sense 5'-phosphorylated RNA evolved in the innate immune system as a means of discriminating between self and nonself.

1 Immunobiology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, London WC2A 3PX, UK.
2 Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden.
3 Department of Virology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany.

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: caetano{at}cancer.org.uk

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