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The role of the adaptive immune response in controlling thegrowth and recurrence of human tumors has been controversial.We characterized the tumor-infiltrating immune cells in largecohorts of human colorectal cancers by gene expression profilingand in situ immunohistochemical staining. Collectively, theimmunological data (the type, density, and location of immunecells within the tumor samples) were found to be a better predictorof patient survival than the histopathological methods currentlyused to stage colorectal cancer. The results were validatedin two additional patient populations. These data support thehypothesis that the adaptive immune response influences thebehavior of human tumors. In situ analysis of tumor-infiltratingimmune cells may therefore be a valuable prognostic tool inthe treatment of colorectal cancer and possibly other malignancies.
1 INSERM U 255, Paris, 75006 France; Université Paris-Descartes Paris 5, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, 75006 France; and Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, Institut des Cordeliers, Paris, 75006 France. 2 Institute for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria. 3 Department of Pathology, Avicenne Hospital, Bobigny, 93017 France. 4 Department of Digestive Surgery, Avicenne Hospital, Bobigny, 93017 France. 5 Department of General and Digestive Surgery, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, 75015 France. 6 Department of Pathology, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, 75015 France. 7 Department of Immunology, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, 75015 France.
These authors contributed equally to this work.
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: jerome.galon{at}u255.bhdc.jussieu.fr
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These authors contributed equally to this work. 
