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Science 1 September 2006:
Vol. 313. no. 5791, pp. 1261 - 1266
DOI: 10.1126/science.1128796
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Research Articles

Phytophthora Genome Sequences Uncover Evolutionary Origins and Mechanisms of Pathogenesis

Brett M. Tyler,1* Sucheta Tripathy,1 Xuemin Zhang,1 Paramvir Dehal,2,3 Rays H. Y. Jiang,1,4 Andrea Aerts,2,3 Felipe D. Arredondo,1 Laura Baxter,5 Douda Bensasson,2,3,6 Jim L. Beynon,5 Jarrod Chapman,2,3,7 Cynthia M. B. Damasceno,8 Anne E. Dorrance,9 Daolong Dou,1 Allan W. Dickerman,1 Inna L. Dubchak,2,3 Matteo Garbelotto,10 Mark Gijzen,11 Stuart G. Gordon,9 Francine Govers,4 Niklaus J. Grunwald,12 Wayne Huang,2,14 Kelly L. Ivors,10,15 Richard W. Jones,16 Sophien Kamoun,9 Konstantinos Krampis,1 Kurt H. Lamour,17 Mi-Kyung Lee,18 W. Hayes McDonald,19 Mónica Medina,20 Harold J. G. Meijer,4 Eric K. Nordberg,1 Donald J. Maclean,21 Manuel D. Ospina-Giraldo,22 Paul F. Morris,23 Vipaporn Phuntumart,23 Nicholas H. Putnam,2,3 Sam Rash,2,13 Jocelyn K. C. Rose,24 Yasuko Sakihama,25 Asaf A. Salamov,2,3 Alon Savidor,17 Chantel F. Scheuring,18 Brian M. Smith,1 Bruno W. S. Sobral,1 Astrid Terry,2,13 Trudy A. Torto-Alalibo,1 Joe Win,9 Zhanyou Xu,18 Hongbin Zhang,18 Igor V. Grigoriev,2,3 Daniel S. Rokhsar,2,7 Jeffrey L. Boore2,3,26,27

Draft genome sequences have been determined for the soybean pathogen Phytophthora sojae and the sudden oak death pathogen Phytophthora ramorum. Oömycetes such as these Phytophthora species share the kingdom Stramenopila with photosynthetic algae such as diatoms, and the presence of many Phytophthora genes of probable phototroph origin supports a photosynthetic ancestry for the stramenopiles. Comparison of the two species' genomes reveals a rapid expansion and diversification of many protein families associated with plant infection such as hydrolases, ABC transporters, protein toxins, proteinase inhibitors, and, in particular, a superfamily of 700 proteins with similarity to known oömycete avirulence genes.

1 Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
2 Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA.
3 Genomics Division, Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
4 Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, NL-6709 PD Wageningen, Netherlands.
5 Horticulture Research International, Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EF, United Kingdom.
6 Department of Biological Sciences, Imperial College, London SL5 7PY, United Kingdom.
7 Center for Integrative Genomics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
8 Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
9 Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA.
10 Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, Ecosystem Sciences Division, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
11 Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, Canada, N5V 4T3.
12 Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Corvallis, OR 97330, USA.
13 Biosciences Directorate, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Corvallis, OR 97330, USA.
14 Computation Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA.
15 North Carolina State University Mountain Horticultural Crops Research and Extension Center, Fletcher, NC 28732, USA.
16 Vegetable Laboratory, Henry Wallace Beltsville Agriculture Research Center, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
17 Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
18 Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&MUniversity, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
19 Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA.
20 School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, CA 95344, USA.
21 Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.
22 Department of Biology, Wilkes University, Wilkes-Barre, PA 18766, USA.
23 Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43402, USA.
24 Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
25 Laboratory of Ecological Chemistry, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan.
26 Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
27 Genome Project Solutions, Hercules, CA 94547, USA.

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: bmtyler{at}vt.edu

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