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Science 31 March 2006:
Vol. 311. no. 5769, pp. 1893 - 1896
DOI: 10.1126/science.1121380
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Research Articles

Cenozoic Plant Diversity in the Neotropics

Carlos Jaramillo,1 Milton J. Rueda,2 Germán Mora3

Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the high levels of plant diversity in the Neotropics today, but little is known about diversification patterns of Neotropical floras through geological time. Here, we present the longest time series compiled for palynological plant diversity of the Neotropics (15 stratigraphic sections, 1530 samples, 1411 morphospecies, and 287,736 occurrences) from the Paleocene to the early Miocene (65 to 20 million years ago) in central Colombia and western Venezuela. The record shows a low-diversity Paleocene flora, a significantly more diverse early to middle Eocene flora exceeding Holocene levels, and a decline in diversity at the end of the Eocene and early Oligocene. A good correlation between diversity fluctuations and changes in global temperature was found, suggesting that tropical climate change may be directly driving the observed diversity pattern. Alternatively, the good correspondence may result from the control that climate exerts on the area available for tropical plants to grow.

1 Center for Tropical Paleoecology and Archeology, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Unit 0948, Army Post Office AA 34002–0948, USA.
2 Paleoflora-Colombian Petroleum Institute, Kilometer 7 via Piedecuesta, Bucaramanga, Colombia.
3 Department of Geological and Atmospheric Sciences, Iowa State University, IA 50011, USA.

*To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: jaramilloc{at}si.edu

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THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES:
Menispermaceae from the Cerrejon Formation, middle to late Paleocene, Colombia.
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Am. J. Botany 95, 954-973
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Impacts of climate change on species, populations and communities: palaeobiogeographical insights and frontiers.
G.M. MacDonald, K.D. Bennett, S.T. Jackson, L. Parducci, F.A. Smith, J.P. Smol, and K.J. Willis (2008)
Progress in Physical Geography 32, 139-172
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A Paleocene lowland macroflora from Patagonia reveals significantly greater richness than North American analogs.
A. Iglesias, P. Wilf, K. R. Johnson, A. B. Zamuner, N. R. Cuneo, S. D. Matheos, and B. S. Singer (2007)
Geology 35, 947-950
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Paratropical floral extinction in the Late Palaeocene-Early Eocene.
G. J. Harrington and C. A. Jaramillo (2007)
Journal of the Geological Society 164, 323-332
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THE PALYNOLOGY OF THE CERREJON FORMATION (UPPER PALEOCENE) OF NORTHERN COLOMBIA.
C. A. JARAMILLO, G. BAYONA, A. PARDO-TRUJILLO, M. RUEDA, V. TORRES, G. J. HARRINGTON, and G. MORA (2007)
Palynology 31, 153-189
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From the Cover: Tropical forests are both evolutionary cradles and museums of leaf beetle diversity.
D. D. McKenna and B. D. Farrell (2006)
PNAS 103, 10947-10951
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Science. ISSN 0036-8075 (print), 1095-9203 (online)