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Science 17 March 2006:
Vol. 311. no. 5767, pp. 1580 - 1583
DOI: 10.1126/science.1120182
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Reports

Fuel-Powered Artificial Muscles

Von Howard Ebron,1 Zhiwei Yang,1 Daniel J. Seyer,1 Mikhail E. Kozlov,1 Jiyoung Oh,1,2 Hui Xie,1 Joselito Razal,1 Lee J. Hall,1 John P. Ferraris,1 Alan G. MacDiarmid,1 Ray H. Baughman1*

Artificial muscles and electric motors found in autonomous robots and prosthetic limbs are typically battery-powered, which severely restricts the duration of their performance and can necessitate long inactivity during battery recharge. To help solve these problems, we demonstrated two types of artificial muscles that convert the chemical energy of high–energy-density fuels to mechanical energy. The first type stores electrical charge and uses changes in stored charge for mechanical actuation. In contrast with electrically powered electrochemical muscles, only half of the actuator cycle is electrochemical. The second type of fuel-powered muscle provides a demonstrated actuator stroke and power density comparable to those of natural skeletal muscle and generated stresses that are over a hundred times higher.

1 Department of Chemistry and NanoTech Institute, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75083–0688, USA.
2 Research Center of Dielectric and Advanced Matter Physics and Department of Physics, Pusan National University, Busan 609–735, Korea.

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: ray.baughman{at}utdallas.edu

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THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES:
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Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanotube Arrays with High Electrocatalytic Activity for Oxygen Reduction.
K. Gong, F. Du, Z. Xia, M. Durstock, and L. Dai (2009)
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Mobile Robots: Motor Challenges and Materials Solutions.
J. D. Madden (2007)
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Muscular Thin Films for Building Actuators and Powering Devices.
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Science. ISSN 0036-8075 (print), 1095-9203 (online)