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Molecular and Cellular Basis of Cardiovascular Gender Differences
Michael E. Mendelsohn* and
Richard H. Karas
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), the major cause of morbidityand mortality for both men and women, occur uncommonly in premenopausalwomen, but their incidence rises sharply after the menopausaltransition. Cardiovascular gender differences are apparent longbefore CVDs appear in men and women, and improved understandingof the biology underlying these differences has the potentialto advance the diagnosis and treatment of CVDs in both sexes.This review considers gender differences in the molecular andcellular physiology of the heart and blood vessels in healthand disease, highlighting understudied areas that can help resolvethe current controversy regarding hormone replacement therapyand improve cardiovascular health in women.
Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Department of Medicine, and Division of Cardiology, New England Medical Center Hospitals and Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts–New England Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, 750 Washington Street, Box 80, Boston, MA 02111, USA. E-mail: mmendelsohn{at}tufts-nemc.org
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