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Science 15 April 2005:
Vol. 308. no. 5720, pp. 392 - 395
DOI: 10.1126/science.1107996
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Reports

Atomic-Scale Visualization of Inertial Dynamics

A. M. Lindenberg,1 J. Larsson,2 K. Sokolowski-Tinten,3 K. J. Gaffney,1 C. Blome,4 O. Synnergren,2 J. Sheppard,5 C. Caleman,6 A. G. MacPhee,7 D. Weinstein,7 D. P. Lowney,7 T. K. Allison,7 T. Matthews,7 R. W. Falcone,7 A. L. Cavalieri,8 D. M. Fritz,8 S. H. Lee,8 P. H. Bucksbaum,8 D. A. Reis,8 J. Rudati,9 P. H. Fuoss,10 C. C. Kao,11 D. P. Siddons,11 R. Pahl,12 J. Als-Nielsen,13 S. Duesterer,4 R. Ischebeck,4 H. Schlarb,4 H. Schulte-Schrepping,4 Th. Tschentscher,4 J. Schneider,4 D. von der Linde,14 O. Hignette,15 F. Sette,15 H. N. Chapman,16 R. W. Lee,16 T. N. Hansen,2 S. Techert,17 J. S. Wark,5 M. Bergh,6 G. Huldt,6 D. van der Spoel,6 N. Timneanu,6 J. Hajdu,6 R. A. Akre,18 E. Bong,18 P. Krejcik,18 J. Arthur,1 S. Brennan,1 K. Luening,1 J. B. Hastings1

The motion of atoms on interatomic potential energy surfaces is fundamental to the dynamics of liquids and solids. An accelerator-based source of femtosecond x-ray pulses allowed us to follow directly atomic displacements on an optically modified energy landscape, leading eventually to the transition from crystalline solid to disordered liquid. We show that, to first order in time, the dynamics are inertial, and we place constraints on the shape and curvature of the transition-state potential energy surface. Our measurements point toward analogies between this nonequilibrium phase transition and the short-time dynamics intrinsic to equilibrium liquids.

1 Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory/Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.
2 Department of Physics, Lund Institute of Technology, Post Office Box 118, S-22100, Lund, Sweden.
3 Institut für Optik und Quantenelektronik, Friedrich-Schiller Universität Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743 Jena, Germany.
4 Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.
5 Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK.
6 Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden.
7 Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
8 FOCUS (Frontiers in Optical Coherent and Ultrafast Science) Center, Department of Physics and Applied Physics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
9 Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA.
10 Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA.
11 National Synchrotron Light Source, Brook-haven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA.
12 Consortium for Advanced Radiation Sources, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
13 Niels Bohr Institute, Copenhagen University, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
14 Institut für Experimentelle Physik, Universität Duisburg-Essen, D-45117 Essen, Germany.
15 European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
16 Physics Department, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA.
17 Max Plank Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Faßberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
18 SLAC, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.

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