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Plants use a structurally very simple gas molecule, the hydrocarbonethylene, to modulate various developmental programs and coordinateresponses to a multitude of external stress factors. How thissimple molecule generates such a diverse array of effects hasbeen the subject of intense research for the past two decades.A fascinating signaling pathway, with classical as well as novelplant-specific signaling elements, is emerging from these studies.We describe the four main modules that constitute this signalingpathway: a phosphotransfer relay, an EIN2-based unit, a ubiquitin-mediatedprotein degradation component, and a transcriptional cascade.The canonical and Arabidopsis ethylene signaling pathways inthe Signal Transduction Knowledge Environment Connections Mapsprovide a complete panoramic view of these signaling eventsin plants.
Department of Genetics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: jmalonso{at}unity.ncsu.edu
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