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Science 22 October 2004:
Vol. 306. no. 5696, pp. 636 - 640
DOI: 10.1126/science.1105136

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The ENCODE (ENCyclopedia Of DNA Elements) Project

The ENCODE Project Consortium*{dagger}

The ENCyclopedia Of DNA Elements (ENCODE) Project aims to identify all functional elements in the human genome sequence. The pilot phase of the Project is focused on a specified 30 megabases (~1%) of the human genome sequence and is organized as an international consortium of computational and laboratory-based scientists working to develop and apply high-throughput approaches for detecting all sequence elements that confer biological function. The results of this pilot phase will guide future efforts to analyze the entire human genome.

* Affiliations for all members of the ENCODE Consortium can be found on Science Online at www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/306/5696/636/DC1.



ENCODE Project Scientific Management: National Human Genome Research Institute (E. A. Feingold, P. J. Good, M. S. Guyer, S. Kamholz, L. Liefer, K. Wetterstrand, F. S. Collins).Initial ENCODE Pilot Phase Participants: Affymetrix, Inc. (T. R. Gingeras, D. Kampa, E. A. Sekinger, J. Cheng, H. Hirsch, S. Ghosh, Z. Zhu, S. Patel, A. Piccolboni, A. Yang, H. Tammana, S. Bekiranov, P. Kapranov, R. Harrison, G. Church, K. Struhl); Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research (B. Ren, T. H. Kim, L. O. Barrera, C. Qu, S. Van Calcar, R. Luna, C. K. Glass, M. G. Rosenfeld); Municipal Institute of Medical Research (R. Guigo, S. E. Antonarakis, E. Birney, M. Brent, L. Pachter, A. Reymond, E. T. Dermitzakis, C. Dewey, D. Keefe, F. Denoeud, J. Lagarde, J. Ashurst, T. Hubbard, J. J. Wesselink, R. Castelo, E. Eyras); Stanford University (R. M. Myers, A. Sidow, S. Batzoglou, N. D. Trinklein, S. J. Hartman, S. F. Aldred, E. Anton, D. I. Schroeder, S. S. Marticke, L.Nguyen, J.Schmutz, J.Grimwood, M.Dickson, G. M. Cooper, E. A. Stone, G. Asimenos, M. Brudno); University of Virginia (A.Dutta, N.Karnani, C.M.Taylor, H. K. Kim, G. Robins); University of Washington (G. Stamatoyannopoulos, J. A. Stamatoyannopoulos, M. Dorschner, P. Sabo, M. Hawrylycz, R. Humbert, J. Wallace, M. Yu, P. A. Navas, M. McArthur, W. S. Noble); Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (I. Dunham, C. M. Koch, R.M.Andrews, G.K.Clelland, S.Wilcox, J.C.Fowler, K.D. James, P. Groth, O. M. Dovey, P. D. Ellis, V. L. Wraight, A. J. Mungall, P. Dhami, H. Fiegler, C. F. Langford, N. P. Carter, D. Vetrie); Yale University (M. Snyder, G. Euskirchen, A. E. Urban, U. Nagalakshmi, J. Rinn, G. Popescu, P. Bertone, S.Hartman, J. Rozowsky, O. Emanuelsson, T. Royce, S. Chung, M. Gerstein, Z. Lian, J. Lian, Y. Nakayama, S. Weissman, V.Stolc, W.Tongprasit, H.Sethi). Additional ENCODE Pilot Phase Participants: British Columbia Cancer Agency Genome Sciences Centre (S. Jones, M. Marra, H. Shin, J. Schein); Broad Institute (M. Clamp, K. Lindblad-Toh, J. Chang, D. B. Jaffe, M. Kamal, E. S. Lander, T. S. Mikkelsen, J. Vinson, M. C. Zody); Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute (P.J.deJong, K.Osoegawa, M.Nefedov, B.Zhu); National Human Genome Research Institute/Computational Genomics Unit (A. D. Baxevanis, T. G. Wolfsberg); National Human Genome Research Institute/Molecular Genetics Section (F. S. Collins, G. E. Crawford, J. Whittle, I. E. Holt, T. J. Vasicek, D. Zhou, S. Luo); NIH Intramural Sequencing Center/National Human Genome Research Institute (E. D. Green, G. G. Bouffard, E. H. Margulies, M. E. Portnoy, N. F. Hansen, P. J. Thomas, J. C. McDowell, B. Maskeri, A. C. Young, J. R. Idol, R. W. Blakesley); National Library of Medicine (G. Schuler); Pennsylvania State University (W. Miller, R. Hardison, L. Elnitski, P. Shah); The Institute for Genomic Research (S. L. Salzberg, M. Pertea, W. H. Majoros); University of California, Santa Cruz (D. Haussler, D. Thomas, K. R. Rosenbloom, H. Clawson, A. Siepel, W. J. Kent). ENCODE Technology Development Phase Participants: Boston University (Z. Weng, S. Jin, A. Halees, H. Burden, U. Karaoz, Y. Fu, Y. Yu, C. Ding, C. R. Cantor); Massachusetts General Hospital (R. E. Kingston, J. Dennis); NimbleGen Systems, Inc.(R.D.Green, M.A.Singer, T.A. Richmond, J.E.Norton, P.JFarnham, M.J.Oberley, D.R. Inman); NimbleGen Systems, Inc. (M. R. McCormick, H. Kim, C. L. Middle, M. C. Pirrung); University of California, San Diego (X. D. Fu, Y. S. Kwon, Z. Ye); University of Massachusetts Medical School (J. Dekker, T. M. Tabuchi, N. Gheldof, J. Dostie, S. C. Harvey).

{dagger} To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: elise_feingold{at}nih.gov

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Demographic Histories and Patterns of Linkage Disequilibrium in Chinese and Indian Rhesus Macaques.
R. D. Hernandez, M. J. Hubisz, D. A. Wheeler, D. G. Smith, B. Ferguson, J. Rogers, L. Nazareth, A. Indap, T. Bourquin, J. McPherson, et al. (2007)
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The implications of alternative splicing in the ENCODE protein complement.
M. L. Tress, P. L. Martelli, A. Frankish, G. A. Reeves, J. J. Wesselink, C. Yeats, P. l. Olason, M. Albrecht, H. Hegyi, A. Giorgetti, et al. (2007)
PNAS 104, 5495-5500
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
In vitro analysis of DNA-protein interactions by proximity ligation.
S. M. Gustafsdottir, J. Schlingemann, A. Rada-Iglesias, E. Schallmeiner, M. Kamali-Moghaddam, C. Wadelius, and U. Landegren (2007)
PNAS 104, 3067-3072
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Massive amplification of rolling-circle transposons in the lineage of the bat Myotis lucifugus.
E. J. Pritham and C. Feschotte (2007)
PNAS 104, 1895-1900
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Multiple sequence alignment: In pursuit of homologous DNA positions.
S. Kumar and A. Filipski (2007)
Genome Res. 17, 127-135
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Improving gene annotation using peptide mass spectrometry.
S. Tanner, Z. Shen, J. Ng, L. Florea, R. Guigo, S. P. Briggs, and V. Bafna (2007)
Genome Res. 17, 231-239
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The UCSC genome browser database: update 2007.
R. M. Kuhn, D. Karolchik, A. S. Zweig, H. Trumbower, D. J. Thomas, A. Thakkapallayil, C. W. Sugnet, M. Stanke, K. E. Smith, A. Siepel, et al. (2007)
Nucleic Acids Res. 35, D668-D673
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Ensembl 2007.
T. J. P. Hubbard, B. L. Aken, K. Beal, B. Ballester, M. Caccamo, Y. Chen, L. Clarke, G. Coates, F. Cunningham, T. Cutts, et al. (2007)
Nucleic Acids Res. 35, D610-D617
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
GenomeTrafac: a whole genome resource for the detection of transcription factor binding site clusters associated with conventional and microRNA encoding genes conserved between mouse and human gene orthologs.
A. G. Jegga, J. Chen, S. Gowrisankar, M. A. Deshmukh, R. Gudivada, S. Kong, V. Kaimal, and B. J. Aronow (2007)
Nucleic Acids Res. 35, D116-D121
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Microinversions in mammalian evolution.
M. J. Chaisson, B. J. Raphael, and P. A. Pevzner (2006)
PNAS 103, 19824-19829
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A supervised hidden markov model framework for efficiently segmenting tiling array data in transcriptional and chIP-chip experiments: systematically incorporating validated biological knowledge.
J. Du, J. S. Rozowsky, J. O. Korbel, Z. D. Zhang, T. E. Royce, M. H. Schultz, M. Snyder, and M. Gerstein (2006)
Bioinformatics 22, 3016-3024
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »



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