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Impact of Anthropogenic CO2 on the CaCO3 System in the Oceans
Richard A. Feely,1*Christopher L. Sabine,1Kitack Lee,2Will Berelson,3Joanie Kleypas,4Victoria J. Fabry,5Frank J. Millero6
Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations overthe past two centuries have led to greater CO2 uptake by theoceans. This acidification process has changed the saturationstate ofthe oceans with respect to calcium carbonate (CaCO3)particles. Here we estimate the in situ CaCO3 dissolution ratesfor the global oceans from total alkalinity and chlorofluorocarbondata, and we also discuss the future impacts of anthropogenicCO2 on CaCO3 shell–forming species. CaCO3 dissolutionrates, ranging from 0.003 to 1.2 micromoles per kilogram peryear, are observed beginning near the aragonite saturation horizon.The total water column CaCO3 dissolution rate for the globaloceans is approximately 0.5 ± 0.2 petagrams of CaCO3-Cper year, which is approximately 45 to 65% of the export productionof CaCO3.
1 Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA 98115–6349, USA. 2 School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, San 31, Nam-gu, Hyoja-dong, Pohang, 790–784, Republic of Korea. 3 Department of Earth Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90089–0740, USA. 4 Environmental and Societal Impacts Group, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO 80307–3000, USA. 5 Department of Biological Sciences, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, CA 92096–0001, USA. 6 University of Miami/Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Miami, FL, USA.
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: richard.a.feely{at}noaa.gov
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