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Therapeutic vaccines aim to prevent severe complications ofa chronic infection by reinforcing host defenses when some immunecontrol, albeit insufficient, can already be demonstrated andwhen a conventional antimicrobial therapy either is not availableor has limited efficacy. We focus on the rationale and challengesbehind this still controversial strategy and provide examplesfrom three major chronic infectious diseases— human immunodeficiencyvirus, hepatitis B virus, and human papillomavirus—forwhich the efficacy of therapeutic vaccines is currently beingevaluated.
Laboratoire d'Immunologie Cellulaire and INSERM Unit 543, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pitié-Salpétrière, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75013 Paris, France.
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: brigitte.autran{at}psl.ap-hop-paris.fr
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