Note to users. If you're seeing this message, it means that your browser cannot find this page's style/presentation instructions -- or possibly that you are using a browser that does not support current Web standards. Find out more about why this message is appearing, and what you can do to make your experience of our site the best it can be.
Heidi G. Parker,1,2,3Lisa V. Kim,1,2,4Nathan B. Sutter,1,2Scott Carlson,1Travis D. Lorentzen,1,2Tiffany B. Malek,1,3Gary S. Johnson,5Hawkins B. DeFrance,1,2Elaine A. Ostrander,1,2,3,4*Leonid Kruglyak1,3,4,6
We used molecular markers to study genetic relationships ina diverse collection of 85 domestic dog breeds. Differencesamong breeds accounted for 30% of genetic variation. Microsatellitegenotypes were used to correctly assign 99% of individual dogsto breeds. Phylogenetic analysis separated several breeds withancient origins from the remaining breeds with modern Europeanorigins. We identified four genetic clusters, which predominantlycontained breeds with similar geographic origin, morphology,or role in human activities. These results provide a geneticclassification of dog breeds and will aid studies of the geneticsof phenotypic breed differences.
1 Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Post Office Box 19024, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, D4-100, Seattle, WA 98109–1024, USA. 2 Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Post Office Box 19024, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, D4-100, Seattle, WA 98109–1024, USA. 3 Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Box 357275, Seattle, WA 98195–7275, USA. 4 Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Box 351800, Seattle, WA 98195–7275, USA. 5 Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA. 6 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, D4-100, Seattle, WA 98109–1024, USA.
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: eostrand{at}fhcrc.org
The editors suggest the following Related Resources on Science sites:
In Science Magazine
NEWS OF THE WEEK
Elizabeth Pennisi (21 May 2004) Science304 (5674), 1093a.
[DOI: 10.1126/science.304.5674.1093a] |Summary »|Full Text »|PDF »
THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES:
Canine Genetics Offers New Mechanisms for the Study of Human Cancer.
E. Cadieu and E. A. Ostrander (2007)
Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.
16, 2181-2183
|Full Text »|PDF »
Breed relationships facilitate fine-mapping studies: A 7.8-kb deletion cosegregates with Collie eye anomaly across multiple dog breeds.
H. G. Parker, A. V. Kukekova, D. T. Akey, O. Goldstein, E. F. Kirkness, K. C. Baysac, D. S. Mosher, G. D. Aguirre, G. M. Acland, and E. A. Ostrander (2007)
Genome Res.
17, 1562-1571
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Large-Scale SNP Genotyping with Canine Buccal Swab DNA.
M. L. Chang, R. L. Terrill, M. M. Bautista, E. J. Carlson, D. J. Dyer, K. L. Overall, and S. P. Hamilton (2007)
J. Hered.
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Independent Origin and Restricted Distribution of RPGR Deletions Causing XLPRA.
B. Zangerl, J. L. Johnson, G. M. Acland, and G. D. Aguirre (2007)
J. Hered.
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
An Extended Microsatellite Set for Linkage Mapping in the Domestic Dog.
D. R. Sargan, J. Aguirre-Hernandez, F. Galibert, and E. A. Ostrander (2007)
J. Hered.
98, 221-231
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
A Single IGF1 Allele Is a Major Determinant of Small Size in Dogs.
N. B. Sutter, C. D. Bustamante, K. Chase, M. M. Gray, K. Zhao, L. Zhu, B. Padhukasahasram, E. Karlins, S. Davis, P. G. Jones, et al. (2007)
Science
316, 112-115
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Unexpected High Polymorphism at the FABP4 Gene Unveils a Complex History for Pig Populations.
A. Ojeda, J. Rozas, J. M. Folch, and M. Perez-Enciso (2006)
Genetics
174, 2119-2127
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Genetic Structure of Wild and Cultivated Olives in the Central Mediterranean Basin.
L. BALDONI, N. TOSTI, C. RICCIOLINI, A. BELAJ, S. ARCIONI, G. PANNELLI, M. A. GERMANA, M. MULAS, and A. PORCEDDU (2006)
Ann. Bot.
98, 935-942
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Relaxation of selective constraint on dog mitochondrial DNA following domestication.
S. Bjornerfeldt, M. T. Webster, and C. Vila (2006)
Genome Res.
16, 990-994
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Unequal Contribution of Sexes in the Origin of Dog Breeds.
A.-K. Sundqvist, S. Bjornerfeldt, J. A. Leonard, F. Hailer, A. Hedhammar, H. Ellegren, and C. Vila (2006)
Genetics
172, 1121-1128
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Selective sweep mapping of genes with large phenotypic effects.
J. P. Pollinger, C. D. Bustamante, A. Fledel-Alon, S. Schmutz, M. M. Gray, and R. K. Wayne (2005)
Genome Res.
15, 1809-1819
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Construction of a 2-Mb resolution BAC microarray for CGH analysis of canine tumors.
R. Thomas, A. Scott, C. F. Langford, S. P. Fosmire, C. M. Jubala, T. D. Lorentzen, C. Hitte, E. K. Karlsson, E. Kirkness, E. A. Ostrander, et al. (2005)
Genome Res.
15, 1831-1837
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Mitochondrial DNA from Prehistoric Canids Highlights Relationships Between Dogs and South-East European Wolves.
F. Verginelli, C. Capelli, V. Coia, M. Musiani, M. Falchetti, L. Ottini, R. Palmirotta, A. Tagliacozzo, I. De Grossi Mazzorin, and R. Mariani-Costantini (2005)
Mol. Biol. Evol.
22, 2541-2551
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Structural Activation Pathways from Dynamic Olfactory Receptor-Odorant Interactions.
CD20 Expression in Normal Canine B Cells and in Canine non-Hodgkin Lymphoma.
C. M. Jubala, J. W. Wojcieszyn, V. E. O. Valli, D. M. Getzy, S. P. Fosmire, D. Coffey, D. Bellgrau, and J. F. Modiano (2005)
Vet. Pathol.
42, 468-476
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Distinct B-Cell and T-Cell Lymphoproliferative Disease Prevalence among Dog Breeds Indicates Heritable Risk.
J. F. Modiano, M. Breen, R. C. Burnett, H. G. Parker, S. Inusah, R. Thomas, P. R. Avery, K. Lindblad-Toh, E. A. Ostrander, G. C. Cutter, et al. (2005)
Cancer Res.
65, 5654-5661
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Extensive and breed-specific linkage disequilibrium in Canis familiaris.
N. B. Sutter, M. A. Eberle, H. G. Parker, B. J. Pullar, E. F. Kirkness, L. Kruglyak, and E. A. Ostrander (2004)
Genome Res.
14, 2388-2396
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
30% of genetic variation. Microsatellite genotypes were used to correctly assign 99% of individual dogs to breeds. Phylogenetic analysis separated several breeds with ancient origins from the remaining breeds with modern European origins. We identified four genetic clusters, which predominantly contained breeds with similar geographic origin, morphology, or role in human activities. These results provide a genetic classification of dog breeds and will aid studies of the genetics of phenotypic breed differences. 
