Note to users. If you're seeing this message, it means that your browser cannot find this page's style/presentation instructions -- or possibly that you are using a browser that does not support current Web standards. Find out more about why this message is appearing, and what you can do to make your experience of our site the best it can be.

Originally published in Science Express on 4 March 2004
Science 2 April 2004:
Vol. 304. no. 5667, pp. 66 - 74
DOI: 10.1126/science.1093857
Prev | Table of Contents | Next

Research Articles

Environmental Genome Shotgun Sequencing of the Sargasso Sea

J. Craig Venter,1* Karin Remington,1 John F. Heidelberg,3 Aaron L. Halpern,2 Doug Rusch,2 Jonathan A. Eisen,3 Dongying Wu,3 Ian Paulsen,3 Karen E. Nelson,3 William Nelson,3 Derrick E. Fouts,3 Samuel Levy,2 Anthony H. Knap,6 Michael W. Lomas,6 Ken Nealson,5 Owen White,3 Jeremy Peterson,3 Jeff Hoffman,1 Rachel Parsons,6 Holly Baden-Tillson,1 Cynthia Pfannkoch,1 Yu-Hui Rogers,4 Hamilton O. Smith1

We have applied "whole-genome shotgun sequencing" to microbial populations collected en masse on tangential flow and impact filters from seawater samples collected from the Sargasso Sea near Bermuda. A total of 1.045 billion base pairs of nonredundant sequence was generated, annotated, and analyzed to elucidate the gene content, diversity, and relative abundance of the organisms within these environmental samples. These data are estimated to derive from at least 1800 genomic species based on sequence relatedness, including 148 previously unknown bacterial phylotypes. We have identified over 1.2 million previously unknown genes represented in these samples, including more than 782 new rhodopsin-like photoreceptors. Variation in species present and stoichiometry suggests substantial oceanic microbial diversity.

1 The Institute for Biological Energy Alternatives, 1901 Research Boulevard, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
2 The Center for the Advancement of Genomics, 1901 Research Boulevard, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
3 The Institute for Genomic Research, 9712 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
4 The J. Craig Venter Science Foundation Joint Technology Center, 5 Research Place, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
5 University of Southern California, 223 Science Hall, Los Angeles, CA 90089–0740, USA.
6 Bermuda Biological Station for Research, Inc., 17 Biological Lane, St George GE 01, Bermuda.

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: jcventer{at}tcag.org

Read the Full Text


THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES:
Development and Application of Quantitative-PCR Tools for Subgroups of the Roseobacter Clade.
A. Buchan, M. Hadden, and M. T. Suzuki (2009)
Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 75, 7542-7547
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
High Ratio of Bacteriochlorophyll Biosynthesis Genes to Chlorophyll Biosynthesis Genes in Bacteria of Humic Lakes.
A. Eiler, S. Beier, C. Sawstrom, J. Karlsson, and S. Bertilsson (2009)
Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 75, 7221-7228
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Windshield splatter analysis with the Galaxy metagenomic pipeline.
S. Kosakovsky Pond, S. Wadhawan, F. Chiaromonte, G. Ananda, W.-Y. Chung, J. Taylor, A. Nekrutenko, and The Galaxy Team (2009)
Genome Res. 19, 2144-2153
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Increasing the coverage of a metapopulation consensus genome by iterative read mapping and assembly.
B. E. Dutilh, M. A. Huynen, and M. Strous (2009)
Bioinformatics 25, 2878-2881
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Megx.net: integrated database resource for marine ecological genomics.
R. Kottmann, I. Kostadinov, M. B. Duhaime, P. L. Buttigieg, P. Yilmaz, W. Hankeln, J. Waldmann, and F. O. Glockner (2009)
Nucleic Acids Res.
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
REBASE--a database for DNA restriction and modification: enzymes, genes and genomes.
R. J. Roberts, T. Vincze, J. Posfai, and D. Macelis (2009)
Nucleic Acids Res.
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A Novel Bioinformatics Strategy for Function Prediction of Poorly-Characterized Protein Genes Obtained from Metagenome Analyses.
T. Abe, S. Kanaya, H. Uehara, and T. Ikemura (2009)
DNA Res
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Plasmid-Mediated Quinolone Resistance: a Multifaceted Threat.
J. Strahilevitz, G. A. Jacoby, D. C. Hooper, and A. Robicsek (2009)
Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 22, 664-689
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Potential Role of Group IIC-attC Introns in Integron Cassette Formation.
G. Leon and P. H. Roy (2009)
J. Bacteriol. 191, 6040-6051
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
GenGIS: A geospatial information system for genomic data.
D. H. Parks, M. Porter, S. Churcher, S. Wang, C. Blouin, J. Whalley, S. Brooks, and R. G. Beiko (2009)
Genome Res. 19, 1896-1904
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Bioinformatics and functional analysis define four distinct groups of AlkB DNA-dioxygenases in bacteria.
E. van den Born, A. Bekkelund, M. N. Moen, M. V. Omelchenko, A. Klungland, and P. O. Falnes (2009)
Nucleic Acids Res.
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Differential direct coding: a compression algorithm for nucleotide sequence data.
G. Vey (2009)
Database 2009, bap013
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Assessment of Microbial Communities by Graph Partitioning in a Study of Soil Fungi in Two Alpine Meadows.
L. Zinger, E. Coissac, P. Choler, and R. A. Geremia (2009)
Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 75, 5863-5870
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Discovery of [NiFe] Hydrogenase Genes in Metagenomic DNA: Cloning and Heterologous Expression in Thiocapsa roseopersicina.
G. Maroti, Y. Tong, S. Yooseph, H. Baden-Tillson, H. O. Smith, K. L. Kovacs, M. Frazier, J. C. Venter, and Q. Xu (2009)
Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 75, 5821-5830
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Microbial Biogeography of Six Salt Lakes in Inner Mongolia, China, and a Salt Lake in Argentina.
E. Pagaling, H. Wang, M. Venables, A. Wallace, W. D. Grant, D. A. Cowan, B. E. Jones, Y. Ma, A. Ventosa, and S. Heaphy (2009)
Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 75, 5750-5760
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Characterization of a Metal-independent CAZy Family 6 Glycosyltransferase from Bacteroides ovatus.
P. Tumbale and K. Brew (2009)
J. Biol. Chem. 284, 25126-25134
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Microbial NAD Metabolism: Lessons from Comparative Genomics.
F. Gazzaniga, R. Stebbins, S. Z. Chang, M. A. McPeek, and C. Brenner (2009)
Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 73, 529-541
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Interannual variability in species composition explained as seasonally entrained chaos.
V. Dakos, E. Beninca, E. H. van Nes, C. J. M. Philippart, M. Scheffer, and J. Huisman (2009)
Proc R Soc B 276, 2871-2880
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Comparative Metagenomic Analysis of a Microbial Community Residing at a Depth of 4,000 Meters at Station ALOHA in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre.
K. T. Konstantinidis, J. Braff, D. M. Karl, and E. F. DeLong (2009)
Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 75, 5345-5355
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Conjugative plasmids: vessels of the communal gene pool.
A. Norman, L. H. Hansen, and S. J. Sorensen (2009)
Phil Trans R Soc B 364, 2275-2289
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
You're one in a googol: optimizing genes for protein expression.
M. Welch, A. Villalobos, C. Gustafsson, and J. Minshull (2009)
J R Soc Interface 6, S467-S476
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Photoheterotrophic Microbes in the Arctic Ocean in Summer and Winter.
M. T. Cottrell and D. L. Kirchman (2009)
Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 75, 4958-4966
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Genome assembly reborn: recent computational challenges.
M. Pop (2009)
Brief Bioinform 10, 354-366
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Inferring evolutionarily significant units of bacterial diversity from broad environmental surveys of single-locus data.
T. G. Barraclough, M. Hughes, N. Ashford-Hodges, and T. Fujisawa (2009)
Biol Lett 5, 425-428
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Ecological Genomics of Marine Picocyanobacteria.
D. J. Scanlan, M. Ostrowski, S. Mazard, A. Dufresne, L. Garczarek, W. R. Hess, A. F. Post, M. Hagemann, I. Paulsen, and F. Partensky (2009)
Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 73, 249-299
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Local RNA structure alignment with incomplete sequence.
D. L. Kolbe and S. R. Eddy (2009)
Bioinformatics 25, 1236-1243
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Identification of ribosomal RNA genes in metagenomic fragments.
Y. Huang, P. Gilna, and W. Li (2009)
Bioinformatics 25, 1338-1340
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Novel method for high-throughput colony PCR screening in nanoliter-reactors.
M. Walser, R. Pellaux, A. Meyer, M. Bechtold, H. Vanderschuren, R. Reinhardt, J. Magyar, S. Panke, and M. Held (2009)
Nucleic Acids Res. 37, e57
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Green Evolution and Dynamic Adaptations Revealed by Genomes of the Marine Picoeukaryotes Micromonas.
A. Z. Worden, J.-H. Lee, T. Mock, P. Rouze, M. P. Simmons, A. L. Aerts, A. E. Allen, M. L. Cuvelier, E. Derelle, M. V. Everett, et al. (2009)
Science 324, 268-272
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Prokaryotic Genomes and Diversity in Surface Ocean Waters: Interrogating the Global Ocean Sampling Metagenome.
E. J. Biers, S. Sun, and E. C. Howard (2009)
Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 75, 2221-2229
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Molecular Diversity of a North Carolina Wastewater Treatment Plant as Revealed by Pyrosequencing.
N. Sanapareddy, T. J. Hamp, L. C. Gonzalez, H. A. Hilger, A. A. Fodor, and S. M. Clinton (2009)
Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 75, 1688-1696
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Host-parasite relations of bacteria and phages can be unveiled by Oligostickiness, a measure of relaxed sequence similarity.
S. Ahmed, A. Saito, M. Suzuki, N. Nemoto, and K. Nishigaki (2009)
Bioinformatics 25, 563-570
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A hierarchical model for incomplete alignments in phylogenetic inference.
F. Cheng, S. Hartmann, M. Gupta, J. G. Ibrahim, and T. J. Vision (2009)
Bioinformatics 25, 592-598
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
His-75 in Proteorhodopsin, a Novel Component in Light-driven Proton Translocation by Primary Pumps.
V. B. Bergo, O. A. Sineshchekov, J. M. Kralj, R. Partha, E. N. Spudich, K. J. Rothschild, and J. L. Spudich (2009)
J. Biol. Chem. 284, 2836-2843
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Genetic Diversity and Abundance of Flavobacterial Proteorhodopsin in China Seas.
M. Zhao, F. Chen, and N. Jiao (2009)
Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 75, 529-533
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Taxon K, a complex within the Burkholderia cepacia complex, comprises at least two novel species, Burkholderia contaminans sp. nov. and Burkholderia lata sp. nov..
E. Vanlaere, A. Baldwin, D. Gevers, D. Henry, E. De Brandt, J. J. LiPuma, E. Mahenthiralingam, D. P. Speert, C. Dowson, and P. Vandamme (2009)
Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 59, 102-111
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Discovering Functional Novelty in Metagenomes: Examples from Light-Mediated Processes.
A. H. Singh, T. Doerks, I. Letunic, J. Raes, and P. Bork (2009)
J. Bacteriol. 191, 32-41
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Selective Extraction of Bacterial DNA from the Surfaces of Macroalgae.
C. Burke, S. Kjelleberg, and T. Thomas (2009)
Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 75, 252-256
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Resolving Genetic Functions within Microbial Populations: In Situ Analyses Using rRNA and mRNA Stable Isotope Probing Coupled with Single-Cell Raman-Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization.
W. E. Huang, A. Ferguson, A. C. Singer, K. Lawson, I. P. Thompson, R. M. Kalin, M. J. Larkin, M. J. Bailey, and A. S. Whiteley (2009)
Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 75, 234-241
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Environmental Sequence Data from the Sargasso Sea Reveal That the Characteristics of Genome Reduction in Prochlorococcus Are Not a Harbinger for an Escalation in Genetic Drift.
J. Hu and J. L. Blanchard (2009)
Mol. Biol. Evol. 26, 5-13
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
tRNADB-CE: tRNA gene database curated manually by experts.
T. Abe, T. Ikemura, Y. Ohara, H. Uehara, M. Kinouchi, S. Kanaya, Y. Yamada, A. Muto, and H. Inokuchi (2009)
Nucleic Acids Res. 37, D163-D168
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A Bioinformatician's Guide to Metagenomics.
V. Kunin, A. Copeland, A. Lapidus, K. Mavromatis, and P. Hugenholtz (2008)
Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 72, 557-578
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Substrate-Specific Clades of Active Marine Methylotrophs Associated with a Phytoplankton Bloom in a Temperate Coastal Environment.
J. D. Neufeld, R. Boden, H. Moussard, H. Schafer, and J. C. Murrell (2008)
Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 74, 7321-7328
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Genomics of bacteria and archaea: the emerging dynamic view of the prokaryotic world.
E. V. Koonin and Y. I. Wolf (2008)
Nucleic Acids Res. 36, 6688-6719
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
High-throughput diversity and functionality analysis of the gastrointestinal tract microbiota.
E G Zoetendal, M Rajilic-Stojanovic, and W M de Vos (2008)
Gut 57, 1605-1615
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Environmental Genomics Reveals a Single-Species Ecosystem Deep Within Earth.
D. Chivian, E. L. Brodie, E. J. Alm, D. E. Culley, P. S. Dehal, T. Z. DeSantis, T. M. Gihring, A. Lapidus, L.-H. Lin, S. R. Lowry, et al. (2008)
Science 322, 275-278
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Statistical Assignment of DNA Sequences Using Bayesian Phylogenetics.
K. Munch, W. Boomsma, J. P. Huelsenbeck, E. Willerslev, and R. Nielsen (2008)
Syst Biol 57, 750-757
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Functional and comparative metagenomic analysis of bile salt hydrolase activity in the human gut microbiome.
B. V. Jones, M. Begley, C. Hill, C. G. M. Gahan, and J. R. Marchesi (2008)
PNAS 105, 13580-13585
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A comparison of random sequence reads versus 16S rDNA sequences for estimating the biodiversity of a metagenomic library.
C. Manichanh, C. E. Chapple, L. Frangeul, K. Gloux, R. Guigo, and J. Dore (2008)
Nucleic Acids Res. 36, 5180-5188
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Species detection using environmental DNA from water samples.
G. F. Ficetola, C. Miaud, F. Pompanon, and P. Taberlet (2008)
Biol Lett 4, 423-425
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Unraveling Microbial Interactions in Food Fermentations: from Classical to Genomics Approaches.
S. Sieuwerts, F. A. M. de Bok, J. Hugenholtz, and J. E. T. van Hylckama Vlieg (2008)
Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 74, 4997-5007
   Full Text »    PDF »
Signature Genes as a Phylogenomic Tool.
B. E. Dutilh, B. Snel, T. J. G. Ettema, and M. A. Huynen (2008)
Mol. Biol. Evol. 25, 1659-1667
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Diversity and spatial distribution of sediment ammonia-oxidizing crenarchaeota in response to estuarine and environmental gradients in the Changjiang Estuary and East China Sea.
H. Dang, X. Zhang, J. Sun, T. Li, Z. Zhang, and G. Yang (2008)
Microbiology 154, 2084-2095
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Signature, a web server for taxonomic characterization of sequence samples using signature genes.
B. E. Dutilh, Y. He, M. L. Hekkelman, and M. A. Huynen (2008)
Nucleic Acids Res. 36, W470-W474
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Testing for Neutrality in Samples With Sequencing Errors.
G. Achaz (2008)
Genetics 179, 1409-1424
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
From the Cover: A latitudinal diversity gradient in planktonic marine bacteria.
J. A. Fuhrman, J. A. Steele, I. Hewson, M. S. Schwalbach, M. V. Brown, J. L. Green, and J. H. Brown (2008)
PNAS 105, 7774-7778
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Biome-Level Biogeography of Streambed Microbiota.
R. H. Findlay, C. Yeates, M. A. J. Hullar, D. A. Stahl, and L. A. Kaplan (2008)
Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 74, 3014-3021
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Critical Evaluation of Two Primers Commonly Used for Amplification of Bacterial 16S rRNA Genes.
J. A. Frank, C. I. Reich, S. Sharma, J. S. Weisbaum, B. A. Wilson, and G. J. Olsen (2008)
Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 74, 2461-2470
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Intact Membrane Lipids of "Candidatus Nitrosopumilus maritimus," a Cultivated Representative of the Cosmopolitan Mesophilic Group I Crenarchaeota.
S. Schouten, E. C. Hopmans, M. Baas, H. Boumann, S. Standfest, M. Konneke, D. A. Stahl, and J. S. Sinninghe Damste (2008)
Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 74, 2433-2440
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The genome of Bacillus coahuilensis reveals adaptations essential for survival in the relic of an ancient marine environment.
L. D. Alcaraz, G. Olmedo, G. Bonilla, R. Cerritos, G. Hernandez, A. Cruz, E. Ramirez, C. Putonti, B. Jimenez, E. Martinez, et al. (2008)
PNAS 105, 5803-5808
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Consensus generation and variant detection by Celera Assembler.
G. Denisov, B. Walenz, A. L. Halpern, J. Miller, N. Axelrod, S. Levy, and G. Sutton (2008)
Bioinformatics 24, 1035-1040
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
"Candidatus Cloacamonas Acidaminovorans": Genome Sequence Reconstruction Provides a First Glimpse of a New Bacterial Division.
E. Pelletier, A. Kreimeyer, S. Bocs, Z. Rouy, G. Gyapay, R. Chouari, D. Riviere, A. Ganesan, P. Daegelen, A. Sghir, et al. (2008)
J. Bacteriol. 190, 2572-2579
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Phylogenetic classification of short environmental DNA fragments.
L. Krause, N. N. Diaz, A. Goesmann, S. Kelley, T. W. Nattkemper, F. Rohwer, R. A. Edwards, and J. Stoye (2008)
Nucleic Acids Res. 36, 2230-2239
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Novel Microarray Design Strategy To Study Complex Bacterial Communities.
A. Huyghe, P. Francois, Y. Charbonnier, M. Tangomo-Bento, E.-J. Bonetti, B. J. Paster, I. Bolivar, D. Baratti-Mayer, D. Pittet, J. Schrenzel, et al. (2008)
Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 74, 1876-1885
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
From the Cover: Microbial community gene expression in ocean surface waters.
J. Frias-Lopez, Y. Shi, G. W. Tyson, M. L. Coleman, S. C. Schuster, S. W. Chisholm, and E. F. DeLong (2008)
PNAS 105, 3805-3810
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A nanostructure-initiator mass spectrometry-based enzyme activity assay.
T. R. Northen, J.-C. Lee, L. Hoang, J. Raymond, D.-R. Hwang, S. M. Yannone, C.-H. Wong, and G. Siuzdak (2008)
PNAS 105, 3678-3683
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A New Arenavirus in a Cluster of Fatal Transplant-Associated Diseases.
G. Palacios, J. Druce, L. Du, T. Tran, C. Birch, T. Briese, S. Conlan, P.-L. Quan, J. Hui, J. Marshall, et al. (2008)
N. Engl. J. Med. 358, 991-998
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Rapid DNA Library Construction for Functional Genomic and Metagenomic Screening.
J. E. Schmitz, A. Daniel, M. Collin, R. Schuch, and V. A. Fischetti (2008)
Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 74, 1649-1652
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Distinct Roles for Two CYP226 Family Cytochromes P450 in Abietane Diterpenoid Catabolism by Burkholderia xenovorans LB400.
D. J. Smith, M. A. Patrauchan, C. Florizone, L. D. Eltis, and W. W. Mohn (2008)
J. Bacteriol. 190, 1575-1583
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Changes in Bacterial and Archaeal Community Structure and Functional Diversity along a Geochemically Variable Soil Profile.
C. M. Hansel, S. Fendorf, P. M. Jardine, and C. A. Francis (2008)
Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 74, 1620-1633
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Metagenomics: Read Length Matters.
K. E. Wommack, J. Bhavsar, and J. Ravel (2008)
Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 74, 1453-1463
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Molecular diversity of bacterial production of the climate-changing gas, dimethyl sulphide, a molecule that impinges on local and global symbioses.
A. W. B. Johnston, J. D. Todd, L. Sun, M. N. Nikolaidou-Katsaridou, A. R. J. Curson, and R. Rogers (2008)
J. Exp. Bot. 59, 1059-1067
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The marine lipopeptide somocystinamide A triggers apoptosis via caspase 8.
W. Wrasidlo, A. Mielgo, V. A. Torres, S. Barbero, K. Stoletov, T. L. Suyama, R. L. Klemke, W. H. Gerwick, D. A. Carson, and D. G. Stupack (2008)
PNAS 105, 2313-2318
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Practical and theoretical advances in predicting the function of a protein by its phylogenetic distribution.
P. R Kensche, V. van Noort, B. E Dutilh, and M. A Huynen (2008)
J R Soc Interface 5, 151-170
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A bacterial metapopulation adapts locally to phage predation despite global dispersal.
V. Kunin, S. He, F. Warnecke, S. B. Peterson, H. Garcia Martin, M. Haynes, N. Ivanova, L. L. Blackall, M. Breitbart, F. Rohwer, et al. (2008)
Genome Res. 18, 293-297
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Diversity and genomics of Antarctic marine micro-organisms.
A. E Murray and J. J Grzymski (2007)
Phil Trans R Soc B 362, 2259-2271
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Targeting and Readout Strategies for Fast Optical Neural Control In Vitro and In Vivo.
V. Gradinaru, K. R. Thompson, F. Zhang, M. Mogri, K. Kay, M. B. Schneider, and K. Deisseroth (2007)
J. Neurosci. 27, 14231-14238
   Full Text »    PDF »
Interspecies Interactions within Oral Microbial Communities.
H. K. Kuramitsu, X. He, R. Lux, M. H. Anderson, and W. Shi (2007)
Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 71, 653-670
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Metagenomic Characterization of Chesapeake Bay Virioplankton.
S. R. Bench, T. E. Hanson, K. E. Williamson, D. Ghosh, M. Radosovich, K. Wang, and K. E. Wommack (2007)
Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 73, 7629-7641
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Virus movement maintains local virus population diversity.
J. C. Snyder, B. Wiedenheft, M. Lavin, F. F. Roberto, J. Spuhler, A. C. Ortmann, T. Douglas, and M. Young (2007)
PNAS 104, 19102-19107
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Evolutionary analysis of enzymes using Chisel.
A. A. Rodriguez, T. Bompada, M. Syed, P. K. Shah, and N. Maltsev (2007)
Bioinformatics 23, 2961-2968
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Low genomic diversity in tropical oceanic N2-fixing cyanobacteria.
J. P. Zehr, S. R. Bench, E. A. Mondragon, J. McCarren, and E. F. DeLong (2007)
PNAS 104, 17807-17812
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Comparative Metagenomics Revealed Commonly Enriched Gene Sets in Human Gut Microbiomes.
K. Kurokawa, T. Itoh, T. Kuwahara, K. Oshima, H. Toh, A. Toyoda, H. Takami, H. Morita, V. K. Sharma, T. P. Srivastava, et al. (2007)
DNA Res
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Molecular analysis of the distribution and phylogeny of dissimilatory adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate reductase-encoding genes (aprBA) among sulfur-oxidizing prokaryotes.
B. Meyer and J. Kuever (2007)
Microbiology 153, 3478-3498
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »


To Advertise     Find Products

Science. ISSN 0036-8075 (print), 1095-9203 (online)