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Volker Brinkmann,1Ulrike Reichard,1,2Christian Goosmann,1,2Beatrix Fauler,1Yvonne Uhlemann,2David S. Weiss,2Yvette Weinrauch,3Arturo Zychlinsky2*
Neutrophils engulf and kill bacteria when their antimicrobialgranules fuse with the phagosome. Here, we describe that, uponactivation, neutrophils release granule proteins and chromatinthat together form extracellular fibers that bind Gram-positiveand -negative bacteria. These neutrophil extracellular traps(NETs) degrade virulence factors and kill bacteria. NETs areabundant in vivo in experimental dysentery and spontaneous humanappendicitis, two examples of acute inflammation. NETs appearto be a form of innate response that binds microorganisms, preventsthem from spreading, and ensures a high local concentrationof antimicrobial agents to degrade virulence factors and killbacteria.
1 Microscopy Core Facility, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Schumannstrasse 21/22, 10117 Berlin, Germany. 2 Department of Cellular Microbiology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Schumannstrasse 21/22, 10117 Berlin, Germany. 3 Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, 540 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA.
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: zychlinsky{at}mpiib-berlin.mpg.de
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