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Science 23 January 2004:
Vol. 303. no. 5657, pp. 537 - 540
DOI: 10.1126/science.1090042
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Reports

Extensive Gene Traffic on the Mammalian X Chromosome

J. J. Emerson,1* Henrik Kaessmann,1,2* Esther Betrán,1,3 Manyuan Long1{dagger}

Mammalian sex chromosomes have undergone profound changes since evolving from ancestral autosomes. By examining retroposed genes in the human and mouse genomes, we demonstrate that, during evolution, the mammalian X chromosome has generated and recruited a disproportionately high number of functional retroposed genes, whereas the autosomes experienced lower gene turnover. Most autosomal copies originating from X-linked genes exhibited testis-biased expression. Such export is incompatible with mutational bias and is likely driven by natural selection to attain male germline function. However, the excess recruitment is consistent with a combination of both natural selection and mutational bias.

1 Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
2 Center for Integrative Genomics, BEP, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
3 Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA.


* These authors contributed equally to this work

{dagger} To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: mlong{at}uchicago.edu

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Science. ISSN 0036-8075 (print), 1095-9203 (online)