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Wnt Signaling, Ca2+, and Cyclic GMP: Visualizing Frizzled Functions
Hsien-yu Wang1 and
Craig C. Malbon2*
Wnts control the specification of cell fate, cell adhesion,migration, polarity, and proliferation. Their roles in developmenthave been probed in fruit flies, nematodes, zebrafish, frogs,and mice. Some Wnts inhibit the degradation of ß-catenin,which can regulate transcription of specific genes. Other Wntsexert their influences in other ways, such as increasing intracellularconcentrations of Ca2+ and decreasing intracellular concentrationsof cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). Heterotrimeric guaninenucleotide–binding proteins (G proteins) and RGS proteinshave been implicated in Wnt signaling. Wnt regulation of intracellularCa2+ and cGMP levels requires the G protein transducin and acGMP-specific phosphodiesterase, which are major elements insignaling of the visual pathway.
1 Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Health Sciences Center, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794–8661, USA. 2 Department of Pharmacology, Health Sciences Center, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794–8651, USA.
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: craig{at}pharm.sunysb.edu
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Wnt/Ca2+/cyclic GMP
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