Note to users. If you're seeing this message, it means that your browser cannot find this page's style/presentation instructions -- or possibly that you are using a browser that does not support current Web standards. Find out more about why this message is appearing, and what you can do to make your experience of our site the best it can be.

Science 11 April 2003:
Vol. 300. no. 5617, pp. 286 - 290
DOI: 10.1126/science.1084564
Prev | Table of Contents | Next

Viewpoint

The Human Genome Project: Lessons from Large-Scale Biology

Francis S. Collins,1* Michael Morgan,2 Aristides Patrinos3

The Human Genome Project has been the first major foray of the biological and medical research communities into "big science." In this Viewpoint, we present some of our experiences in organizing and managing such a complicated, publicly funded, international effort. We believe that many of the lessons we learned will be applicable to future large-scale projects in biology.

1 National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 4B09, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
2 The Wellcome Trust, 183 Easton Road, London NW1 2BE, England.
3 U.S. Department of Energy, 1000 Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington, DC 20585, USA.
*   To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: fc23a{at}nih.gov

Read the Full Text


THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES:
An overview of recent developments in genomics and associated statistical methods.
P. J. Bickel, J. B. Brown, H. Huang, and Q. Li (2009)
Phil Trans R Soc A 367, 4313-4337
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Genome 10K: A Proposal to Obtain Whole-Genome Sequence for 10 000 Vertebrate Species.
Genome 10K Community of Scientists (2009)
J. Hered.
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Development of Public Perception Research in the Genomics Field: An Empirical Analysis of the Literature in the Field.
R. R. Pin and J. M. Gutteling (2009)
Science Communication 31, 57-83
   Abstract »    PDF »
The Importance of Gene--Environment Interaction: Implications for Social Scientists.
K. E. North and L. J. Martin (2008)
Sociological Methods Research 37, 164-200
   Abstract »    PDF »
GenomeVx: simple web-based creation of editable circular chromosome maps.
G. C. Conant and K. H. Wolfe (2008)
Bioinformatics 24, 861-862
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Multiple Hybridization-extension Sequencing (MHES) on Microarray.
Z. Pan, Y. Li, P. Xiao, and Z. Lu (2007)
J. Biochem. 142, 605-611
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Functional Genomics of the Chicken A Model Organism.
L. A. Cogburn, T. E. Porter, M. J. Duclos, J. Simon, S. C. Burgess, J. J. Zhu, H. H. Cheng, J. B. Dodgson, and J. Burnside (2007)
Poult. Sci. 86, 2059-2094
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Utility of Family History Reports of Major Birth Defects as a Public Health Strategy.
P. A. Romitti (2007)
Pediatrics 120, S71-S77
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Century-scale Holocene processes as a source of natural selection pressure in human evolution: Holocene climate and the Human Genome Project.
A. J. Smith (2007)
The Holocene 17, 689-695
   Abstract »    PDF »
Incorporating Pharmacogenomics into Practice.
V. L. Ellingrod and J. Moline (2007)
Journal of Pharmacy Practice 20, 277-282
   Abstract »    PDF »
Genomic Profiling in Nuclear Receptor-Mediated Toxicity.
C. G. Woods, J. P. Vanden Heuvel, and I. Rusyn (2007)
Toxicol Pathol 35, 474-494
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
An Overview of Condensing and Noncondensing Polymeric Systems for Gene Delivery.
D. B. Shenoy and M. M. Amiji (2007)
CSH Protocols 2007, pdb.top9
   Abstract »    Full Text »
The discovery value of "Big Science".
J. Esparza and T. Yamada (2007)
J. Exp. Med. 204, 701-704
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Nanotechnology and Public Interest Dialogue: Some International Observations.
D. M. Bowman and G. A. Hodge (2007)
Bulletin of Science Technology Society 27, 118-132
   Abstract »    PDF »
Fundamental questions about genes, inactivity, and chronic diseases.
F. W. Booth and S. J. Lees (2007)
Physiol Genomics 28, 146-157
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Tandem repeats over the edit distance.
D. Sokol, G. Benson, and J. Tojeira (2007)
Bioinformatics 23, e30-e35
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Immersive protein gaming for bio edutainment.
Y. Cai, B. Lu, J. Zheng, and L. Li (2006)
Simulation Gaming 37, 466-475
   Abstract »    PDF »
Searching for the Holy Grail of oncology.
G. M. Higa (2006)
Am. J. Health Syst. Pharm. 63, 2260-2262
   Full Text »    PDF »
Post-genomic science: cross-disciplinary and large-scale collaborative research and its organizational and technological challenges for the scientific research process.
E. Welsh, M. Jirotka, and D. Gavaghan (2006)
Phil Trans R Soc A 364, 1533-1549
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Realizing the Promise of Genomics in Biomedical Research.
A. E. Guttmacher and F. S. Collins (2005)
JAMA 294, 1399-1402
   Full Text »    PDF »
Accurate Multiplex Polony Sequencing of an Evolved Bacterial Genome.
J. Shendure, G. J. Porreca, N. B. Reppas, X. Lin, J. P. McCutcheon, A. M. Rosenbaum, M. D. Wang, K. Zhang, R. D. Mitra, and G. M. Church (2005)
Science 309, 1728-1732
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Molecular and Genetic Studies Imply Akt-mediated Signaling Promotes Protein Kinase C{beta}II Alternative Splicing via Phosphorylation of Serine/Arginine-rich Splicing Factor SRp40.
N. A. Patel, S. Kaneko, H. S. Apostolatos, S. S. Bae, J. E. Watson, K. Davidowitz, D. S. Chappell, M. J. Birnbaum, J. Q. Cheng, and D. R. Cooper (2005)
J. Biol. Chem. 280, 14302-14309
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Why Have Academic Medical Centers Survived?.
H. Moses III, S. O. Thier, and D. H. M. Matheson (2005)
JAMA 293, 1495-1500
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Visualizing Chromosomes as Transcriptome Correlation Maps: Evidence of Chromosomal Domains Containing Co-expressed Genes--A Study of 130 Invasive Ductal Breast Carcinomas.
F. Reyal, N. Stransky, I. Bernard-Pierrot, A. Vincent-Salomon, Y. de Rycke, P. Elvin, A. Cassidy, A. Graham, C. Spraggon, Y. Desille, et al. (2005)
Cancer Res. 65, 1376-1383
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
High-Content Screening with siRNA Optimizes a Cell Biological Approach to Drug Discovery: Defining the Role of P53 Activation in the Cellular Response to Anticancer Drugs.
K. A. Giuliano, Y.-T. Chen, and D. L. Taylor (2004)
J Biomol Screen 9, 557-568
   Abstract »    PDF »
Academia-Industry Collaboration: An Integral Element for Building "Omic" Resources.
D. E. Hill, M. A. Brasch, A. A. del Campo, L. Doucette-Stamm, J. I. Garrels, J. Glaven, J. L. Hartley, J. R. Hudson Jr., T. Moore, and M. Vidal (2004)
Genome Res. 14, 2010-2014
   Full Text »    PDF »
Toward Improving Caenorhabditis elegans Phenome Mapping With an ORFeome-Based RNAi Library.
J.-F. Rual, J. Ceron, J. Koreth, T. Hao, A.-S. Nicot, T. Hirozane-Kishikawa, J. Vandenhaute, S. H. Orkin, D. E. Hill, S. van den Heuvel, et al. (2004)
Genome Res. 14, 2162-2168
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The emergence of epidemiology in the genomics age.
M. J Khoury, R. Millikan, J. Little, and M. Gwinn (2004)
Int. J. Epidemiol. 33, 936-944
   Full Text »    PDF »
Personalized Medicine.
J. H. Thrall (2004)
Radiology 231, 613-616
   Full Text »    PDF »
Ethical aspects of molecular epidemiology of cancer.
K. Vahakangas (2004)
Carcinogenesis 25, 465-471
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Genomic shotgun array: a procedure linking large-scale DNA sequencing with regional transcript mapping.
L.-H. Li, J.-C. Li, Y.-F. Lin, C.-Y. Lin, C.-Y. Chen, and S.-F. Tsai (2004)
Nucleic Acids Res. 32, e27
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Social psychiatry and the human genome: contextualising heritability.
L. Eisenberg (2004)
The British Journal of Psychiatry 184, 101-103
   Full Text »    PDF »
The Molecular Biology Database Collection: 2004 update.
M. Y. Galperin (2004)
Nucleic Acids Res. 32, D3-22
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Attrition and Translation.
G. Duyk (2003)
Science 302, 603-605
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Path from Nuclein to Human Genome: A Brief History of DNA with a Note on Human Genome Sequencing and Its Impact on Future Research in Biology.
S. Choudhuri (2003)
Bulletin of Science Technology Society 23, 360-367
   Abstract »    PDF »
MICROARRAYS AND DIAGNOSIS.
J. D. Preston (2003)
J Am Dent Assoc 134, 1040
   Full Text »    PDF »


To Advertise     Find Products

Science. ISSN 0036-8075 (print), 1095-9203 (online)