Note to users. If you're seeing this message, it means that your browser cannot find this page's style/presentation instructions -- or possibly that you are using a browser that does not support current Web standards. Find out more about why this message is appearing, and what you can do to make your experience of our site the best it can be.
Invitrogen

Site Tools

  • AAAS
  • Subscribe
  • Feedback

Site Search

Search Advanced

Originally published in Science Express on 10 October 2002
Science 15 November 2002:
Vol. 298. no. 5597, pp. 1395 - 1401
DOI: 10.1126/science.1075958
Prev | Table of Contents | Next

Research Articles

Projection of an Immunological Self Shadow Within the Thymus by the Aire Protein

Mark S. Anderson,1 Emily S. Venanzi,1 Ludger Klein,2 Zhibin Chen,1 Stuart P. Berzins,1 Shannon J. Turley,1 Harald von Boehmer,2 Roderick Bronson,3 Andrée Dierich,4 Christophe Benoist,1* Diane Mathis1*

Humans expressing a defective form of the transcription factor AIRE (autoimmune regulator) develop multiorgan autoimmune disease. We used aire- deficient mice to test the hypothesis that this transcription factor regulates autoimmunity by promoting the ectopic expression of peripheral tissue- restricted antigens in medullary epithelial cells of the thymus. This hypothesis proved correct. The mutant animals exhibited a defined profile of autoimmune diseases that depended on the absence of aire in stromal cells of the thymus. Aire-deficient thymic medullary epithelial cells showed a specific reduction in ectopic transcription of genes encoding peripheral antigens. These findings highlight the importance of thymically imposed "central" tolerance in controlling autoimmunity.

1 Section on Immunology and Immunogenetics, Joslin Diabetes Center; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School, 1 Joslin Place, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
2 Dana Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
3 Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
4 Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/ULP, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Strasbourg, France.
*   To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: cbdm{at}joslin.harvard.edu

Read the Full Text


THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES:
Avidity maturation of memory CD8 T cells is limited by self-antigen expression.
M. J. Turner, E. R. Jellison, E. G. Lingenheld, L. Puddington, and L. Lefrancois (2008)
J. Exp. Med.
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Guanylyl Cyclase C-Induced Immunotherapeutic Responses Opposing Tumor Metastases Without Autoimmunity.
A. E. Snook, B. J. Stafford, P. Li, G. Tan, L. Huang, R. Birbe, S. Schulz, M. J. Schnell, M. Thakur, J. L. Rothstein, et al. (2008)
J Natl Cancer Inst 100, 950-961
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Autoreactive T Cells Escape Clonal Deletion in the Thymus by a CD24-Dependent Pathway.
J. W. Carl Jr., J.-Q. Liu, P. S. Joshi, H. Y. El-Omrani, L. Yin, X. Zheng, C. C. Whitacre, Y. Liu, and X.-F. Bai (2008)
J. Immunol. 181, 320-328
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Lt{beta}r Signaling Does Not Regulate Aire-Dependent Transcripts in Medullary Thymic Epithelial Cells.
V. C. Martins, T. Boehm, and C. C. Bleul (2008)
J. Immunol. 181, 400-407
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Weak Proinsulin Peptide-Major Histocompatibility Complexes Are Targeted in Autoimmune Diabetes in Mice.
M. G. Levisetti, D. M. Lewis, A. Suri, and E. R. Unanue (2008)
Diabetes 57, 1852-1860
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
How Promiscuity Promotes Tolerance: The Case of Myasthenia Gravis.
B. KYEWSKI and R. TAUBERT (2008)
Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1132, 157-162
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Autoimmunizing Mechanisms in Thymoma and Thymus.
N. WILLCOX, M. I. LEITE, Y. KADOTA, M. JONES, A. MEAGER, P. SUBRAHMANYAM, B. DASGUPTA, B. P. MORGAN, and A. VINCENT (2008)
Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1132, 163-173
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Osteoimmunology: Interactions of the Bone and Immune System.
J. Lorenzo, M. Horowitz, and Y. Choi (2008)
Endocr. Rev. 29, 403-440
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type I in Slovakia: relevance of screening patients with autoimmune Addison's disease.
N. F. Magitta, M. Pura, A. S Boe Wolff, P. Vanuga, A. Meager, P. M Knappskog, and E. S Husebye (2008)
Eur. J. Endocrinol. 158, 705-709
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Lymphotoxin Pathway Regulates Aire-Independent Expression of Ectopic Genes and Chemokines in Thymic Stromal Cells.
N. Seach, T. Ueno, A. L. Fletcher, T. Lowen, M. Mattesich, C. R. Engwerda, H. S. Scott, C. F. Ware, A. P. Chidgey, D. H. D. Gray, et al. (2008)
J. Immunol. 180, 5384-5392
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Cutting Edge: Autoimmune Disease in Day 3 Thymectomized Mice Is Actively Controlled by Endogenous Disease-Specific Regulatory T Cells.
E. T. Samy, K. M. Wheeler, R. J. Roper, C. Teuscher, and K. S. K. Tung (2008)
J. Immunol. 180, 4366-4370
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A Specific Anti-Aire Antibody Reveals Aire Expression Is Restricted to Medullary Thymic Epithelial Cells and Not Expressed in Periphery.
F.-X. Hubert, S. A. Kinkel, K. E. Webster, P. Cannon, P. E. Crewther, A. I. Proeitto, L. Wu, W. R. Heath, and H. S. Scott (2008)
J. Immunol. 180, 3824-3832
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Autoimmune Polyendocrine Syndrome Type 1 and NALP5, a Parathyroid Autoantigen.
M. Alimohammadi, P. Bjorklund, A. Hallgren, N. Pontynen, G. Szinnai, N. Shikama, M. P. Keller, O. Ekwall, S. A. Kinkel, E. S. Husebye, et al. (2008)
N. Engl. J. Med. 358, 1018-1028
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Characterization of the In Vivo Dynamics of Medullary CD4+CD8- Thymocyte Development.
R. Jin, W. Wang, J.-Y. Yao, Y.-B. Zhou, X.-P. Qian, J. Zhang, Y. Zhang, and W.-F. Chen (2008)
J. Immunol. 180, 2256-2263
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
No requirement for TRAIL in intrathymic negative selection.
E. Cretney, A. P. Uldrich, F. W. McNab, D. I. Godfrey, and M. J. Smyth (2008)
Int. Immunol. 20, 267-276
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Expression of Aire and the Early Wave of Apoptosis in Spermatogenesis.
C. E. Schaller, C. L. Wang, G. Beck-Engeser, L. Goss, H. S. Scott, M. S. Anderson, and M. Wabl (2008)
J. Immunol. 180, 1338-1343
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
AIRE's CARD Revealed, a New Structure for Central Tolerance Provokes Transcriptional Plasticity.
B. J. Ferguson, C. Alexander, S. W. Rossi, I. Liiv, A. Rebane, C. L. Worth, J. Wong, M. Laan, P. Peterson, E. J. Jenkinson, et al. (2008)
J. Biol. Chem. 283, 1723-1731
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Promiscuous gene expression patterns in single medullary thymic epithelial cells argue for a stochastic mechanism.
J. Derbinski, S. Pinto, S. Rosch, K. Hexel, and B. Kyewski (2008)
PNAS 105, 657-662
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Small Proline-Rich Protein 1B (SPRR1B) Is a Biomarker for Squamous Metaplasia in Dry Eye Disease.
S. Li, K. Nikulina, J. DeVoss, A. J. Wu, E. C. Strauss, M. S. Anderson, and N. A. McNamara (2008)
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 49, 34-41
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Recurrent Staphylococcal Cellulitis and Subcutaneous Abscesses in a Child with Autoantibodies against IL-6.
A. Puel, C. Picard, M. Lorrot, C. Pons, M. Chrabieh, L. Lorenzo, M. Mamani-Matsuda, E. Jouanguy, D. Gendrel, and J.-L. Casanova (2008)
J. Immunol. 180, 647-654
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
AIRE Recruits P-TEFb for Transcriptional Elongation of Target Genes in Medullary Thymic Epithelial Cells.
I. Oven, N. Brdickova, J. Kohoutek, T. Vaupotic, M. Narat, and B. M. Peterlin (2007)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 27, 8815-8823
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Lymphotoxin Receptor Is Required for the Migration and Selection of Autoreactive T Cells in Thymic Medulla.
M. Zhu, R. K. Chin, A. V. Tumanov, X. Liu, and Y.-X. Fu (2007)
J. Immunol. 179, 8069-8075
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Impaired responsiveness to T-cell receptor stimulation and defective negative selection of thymocytes in CCR7-deficient mice.
A. C. M. Davalos-Misslitz, T. Worbs, S. Willenzon, G. Bernhardt, and R. Forster (2007)
Blood 110, 4351-4359
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Developmental pathway of CD4+CD8- medullary thymocytes during mouse ontogeny and its defect in Aire-/- mice.
J. Li, Y. Li, J.-Y. Yao, R. Jin, M.-Z. Zhu, X.-P. Qian, J. Zhang, Y.-X. Fu, L. Wu, Y. Zhang, et al. (2007)
PNAS 104, 18175-18180
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Danger-free autoimmune disease in Aire-deficient mice.
D. H. D. Gray, I. Gavanescu, C. Benoist, and D. Mathis (2007)
PNAS 104, 18193-18198
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Lymphotoxin Pathway and Aire Influences on Thymic Medullary Epithelial Cells Are Unconnected.
E. S. Venanzi, D. H. D. Gray, C. Benoist, and D. Mathis (2007)
J. Immunol. 179, 5693-5700
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Proliferative arrest and rapid turnover of thymic epithelial cells expressing Aire.
D. Gray, J. Abramson, C. Benoist, and D. Mathis (2007)
J. Exp. Med. 204, 2521-2528
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Genetic Dissection of Autoimmune Polyendocrine Syndrome Type 2: Common Origin of a Spectrum of Phenotypes.
A. BALLARINI and M. A. LEE-KIRSCH (2007)
Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1110, 159-165
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The role of antigen-presenting cells in triggering graft-versus-host disease and graft-versus-leukemia.
R. Chakraverty and M. Sykes (2007)
Blood 110, 9-17
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
RANK signals from CD4+3 inducer cells regulate development of Aire-expressing epithelial cells in the thymic medulla.
S. W. Rossi, M.-Y. Kim, A. Leibbrandt, S. M. Parnell, W. E. Jenkinson, S. H. Glanville, F. M. McConnell, H. S. Scott, J. M. Penninger, E. J. Jenkinson, et al. (2007)
J. Exp. Med. 204, 1267-1272
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Autoimmune Regulator Directly Controls the Expression of Genes Critical for Thymic Epithelial Function.
Q.-G. Ruan, K. Tung, D. Eisenman, Y. Setiady, S. Eckenrode, B. Yi, S. Purohit, W.-P. Zheng, Y. Zhang, L. Peltonen, et al. (2007)
J. Immunol. 178, 7173-7180
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Non-Cell Autonomous Expression of TNF-{alpha}-Converting Enzyme ADAM17 Is Required for Normal Lymphocyte Development.
N. Li, K. Boyd, P. J. Dempsey, and D. A. A. Vignali (2007)
J. Immunol. 178, 4214-4221
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Limited Peripheral T Cell Anergy Predisposes to Retinal Autoimmunity.
T. Lambe, J. C. H. Leung, H. Ferry, T. Bouriez-Jones, K. Makinen, T. L. Crockford, H. R. Jiang, J. M. Nickerson, L. Peltonen, J. V. Forrester, et al. (2007)
J. Immunol. 178, 4276-4283
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Loss of Aire-dependent thymic expression of a peripheral tissue antigen renders it a target of autoimmunity.
I. Gavanescu, B. Kessler, H. Ploegh, C. Benoist, and D. Mathis (2007)
PNAS 104, 4583-4587
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Aire-Dependent Alterations in Medullary Thymic Epithelium Indicate a Role for Aire in Thymic Epithelial Differentiation.
G. O. Gillard, J. Dooley, M. Erickson, L. Peltonen, and A. G. Farr (2007)
J. Immunol. 178, 3007-3015
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Autoimmune Polyendocrine Syndrome Type 1 in Norway: Phenotypic Variation, Autoantibodies, and Novel Mutations in the Autoimmune Regulator Gene.
A. S. B. Wolff, M. M. Erichsen, A. Meager, N. F. Magitta, A. G. Myhre, J. Bollerslev, K. J. Fougner, K. Lima, P. M. Knappskog, and E. S. Husebye (2007)
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 92, 595-603
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
PDGFR{alpha}-expressing mesenchyme regulates thymus growth and the availability of intrathymic niches.
W. E. Jenkinson, S. W. Rossi, S. M. Parnell, E. J. Jenkinson, and G. Anderson (2007)
Blood 109, 954-960
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Pituitary autoantibodies in autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1.
S. Bensing, S. O. Fetissov, J. Mulder, J. Perheentupa, J. Gustafsson, E. S. Husebye, M. Oscarson, O. Ekwall, P. A. Crock, T. Hokfelt, et al. (2007)
PNAS 104, 949-954
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Thymus Medulla Formation and Central Tolerance Are Restored in IKK{alpha}-/- Mice That Express an IKK{alpha} Transgene in Keratin 5+ Thymic Epithelial Cells.
D. Lomada, B. Liu, L. Coghlan, Y. Hu, and E. R. Richie (2007)
J. Immunol. 178, 829-837
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
NF-{kappa}B2 Is Required for the Control of Autoimmunity by Regulating the Development of Medullary Thymic Epithelial Cells.
B. Zhang, Z. Wang, J. Ding, P. Peterson, W. T. Gunning, and H.-F. Ding (2006)
J. Biol. Chem. 281, 38617-38624
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
RPE Cells Resist Bystander Killing by CTLs, but Are Highly Susceptible to Antigen-Dependent CTL Killing.
D. S. Gregerson, K. L. Lew, S. W. McPherson, N. D. Heuss, and D. A. Ferrington (2006)
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 47, 5385-5394
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Distinct and Non-Overlapping T Cell Receptor Repertoires Expanded by DNA Vaccination in Wild-Type and HER-2 Transgenic BALB/c Mice.
S. Rolla, C. Nicolo, S. Malinarich, M. Orsini, G. Forni, F. Cavallo, and F. Ria (2006)
J. Immunol. 177, 7626-7633
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Developmental kinetics, turnover, and stimulatory capacity of thymic epithelial cells.
D. H. D. Gray, N. Seach, T. Ueno, M. K. Milton, A. Liston, A. M. Lew, C. C. Goodnow, and R. L. Boyd (2006)
Blood 108, 3777-3785
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Spontaneous autoimmunity prevented by thymic expression of a single self-antigen.
J. DeVoss, Y. Hou, K. Johannes, W. Lu, G. I. Liou, J. Rinn, H. Chang, R. R. Caspi, L. Fong, and M. S. Anderson (2006)
J. Exp. Med. 203, 2727-2735
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Thymus-Dependent T Cell Tolerance of Neuroendocrine Functions: Principles, Reflections, and Implications for Tolerogenic/Negative Self-Vaccination.
V. GEENEN (2006)
Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1088, 284-296
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Heat shock proteins induce T cell regulation of chronic inflammation.
F Hauet-Broere, L Wieten, T Guichelaar, S Berlo, R van der Zee, and W Van Eden (2006)
Ann Rheum Dis 65, iii65-iii68
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Aire-deficient mice develop hematopoetic irregularities and marginal zone B-cell lymphoma.
S. Hassler, C. Ramsey, M. C. Karlsson, D. Larsson, B. Herrmann, B. Rozell, M. Backheden, L. Peltonen, O. Kampe, and O. Winqvist (2006)
Blood 108, 1941-1948
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Isolation and Characterization of Proinsulin-Producing Medullary Thymic Epithelial Cell Clones.
M. O. Palumbo, D. Levi, A. A. Chentoufi, and C. Polychronakos (2006)
Diabetes 55, 2595-2601
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Local Intrahepatic CD8+ T Cell Activation by a Non-Self- Antigen Results in Full Functional Differentiation.
S. A. Wuensch, R. H. Pierce, and I. N. Crispe (2006)
J. Immunol. 177, 1689-1697
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Abnormal lymphoid organ development in immunodeficient mutant mice..
R. Seymour, J. P. Sundberg, and H. HogenEsch (2006)
Vet. Pathol. 43, 401-423
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Tolerance to Proinsulin-2 Is Due to Radioresistant Thymic Cells.
B. Faideau, C. Lotton, B. Lucas, I. Tardivel, J. F. Elliott, C. Boitard, and J.-C. Carel (2006)
J. Immunol. 177, 53-60
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Lymphotoxin Pathway-Directed, Autoimmune Regulator-Independent Central Tolerance to Arthritogenic Collagen.
R. K. Chin, M. Zhu, P. A. Christiansen, W. Liu, C. Ware, L. Peltonen, X. Zhang, L. Guo, S. Han, B. Zheng, et al. (2006)
J. Immunol. 177, 290-297
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Spontaneous B cell hyperactivity in autoimmune-prone MRL mice.
A. Nijnik, H. Ferry, G. Lewis, E. Rapsomaniki, J. C. H. Leung, A. Daser, T. Lambe, C. C. Goodnow, and R. J. Cornall (2006)
Int. Immunol. 18, 1127-1137
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Cervical Thymus in the Mouse..
J. Dooley, M. Erickson, G. O. Gillard, and A. G. Farr (2006)
J. Immunol. 176, 6484-6490
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Foxp3+ CD25+ regulatory T cells specific for a neo-self-antigen develop at the double-positive thymic stage.
J. Cabarrocas, C. Cassan, F. Magnusson, E. Piaggio, L. Mars, J. Derbinski, B. Kyewski, D.-A. Gross, B. L. Salomon, K. Khazaie, et al. (2006)
PNAS 103, 8453-8458
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Processing of Tumor-Associated Antigen by the Proteasomes of Dendritic Cells Controls In vivo T-Cell Responses..
L. Chapatte, M. Ayyoub, S. Morel, A.-L. Peitrequin, N. Levy, C. Servis, B. J. Van den Eynde, D. Valmori, and F. Levy (2006)
Cancer Res. 66, 5461-5468
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Features of Medullary Thymic Epithelium Implicate Postnatal Development in Maintaining Epithelial Heterogeneity and Tissue-Restricted Antigen Expression.
G. O. Gillard and A. G. Farr (2006)
J. Immunol. 176, 5815-5824
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The quantitative assessment of MHC II on thymic epithelium: implications in cortical thymocyte development.
S. J. Yang, S. Ahn, C. S. Park, K. L Holmes, J. Westrup, C. H. Chang, and M. G Kim (2006)
Int. Immunol. 18, 729-739
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Type 1 Diabetes-Associated Autoimmunity: Natural History, Genetic Associations, and Screening.
J. M. Barker (2006)
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 91, 1210-1217
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Essential Role of I{kappa}B Kinase {alpha} in Thymic Organogenesis Required for the Establishment of Self-Tolerance.
D. Kinoshita, F. Hirota, T. Kaisho, M. Kasai, K. Izumi, Y. Bando, Y. Mouri, A. Matsushima, S. Niki, H. Han, et al. (2006)
J. Immunol. 176, 3995-4002
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Developmental Alterations in Thymocyte Sensitivity Are Actively Regulated by MHC Class II Expression in the Thymic Medulla.
S. C. Eck, P. Zhu, M. Pepper, S. J. Bensinger, B. D. Freedman, and T. M. Laufer (2006)
J. Immunol. 176, 2229-2237
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Physiologic self antigens rapidly capacitate autoimmune disease-specific polyclonal CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells.
Y. Y. Setiady, K. Ohno, E. T. Samy, H. Bagavant, H. Qiao, C. Sharp, J. X. She, and K. S. K. Tung (2006)
Blood 107, 1056-1062
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Autoimmune Polyendocrinopathy-Candidiasis-Ectodermal Dystrophy Syndrome with Renal Failure: Impact of Posttransplant Immunosuppression on Disease Activity.
T. Ulinski, L. Perrin, M. Morris, M. Houang, S. Cabrol, C. Grapin, N. Chabbert-Buffet, A. Bensman, G. Deschenes, and I. Giurgea (2006)
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 91, 192-195
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
CD18 Is Required for Optimal Development and Function of CD4+CD25+ T Regulatory Cells.
M. Marski, S. Kandula, J. R. Turner, and C. Abraham (2005)
J. Immunol. 175, 7889-7897
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
CD8 T Cell Sensory Adaptation Dependent on TCR Avidity for Self-Antigens.
M.-E. Marquez, W. Ellmeier, V. Sanchez-Guajardo, A. A. Freitas, O. Acuto, and V. Di Bartolo (2005)
J. Immunol. 175, 7388-7397
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Characteristics of Autoimmunity in Type 1 Diabetes and Type 1.5 Overlap With Type 2 Diabetes.
H. O. McDevitt (2005)
Diabetes 54, S4-S10
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Cooperation between Two CD4 T Cells Induces Tumor Protective Immunity in MUC.1 Transgenic Mice.
M. Gerloni, P. Castiglioni, and M. Zanetti (2005)
J. Immunol. 175, 6551-6559
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Promiscuous Thymic Expression of an Autoantigen Gene Does Not Result in Negative Selection of Pathogenic T Cells.
S. Allen, S. Read, R. DiPaolo, R. S. McHugh, E. M. Shevach, P. A. Gleeson, and I. R. van Driel (2005)
J. Immunol. 175, 5759-5764
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
How defects in central tolerance impinge on a deficiency in regulatory T cells.
Z. Chen, C. Benoist, and D. Mathis (2005)
PNAS 102, 14735-14740
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
An Organized Medullary Epithelial Structure in the Normal Thymus Expresses Molecules of Respiratory Epithelium and Resembles the Epithelial Thymic Rudiment of Nude Mice.
J. Dooley, M. Erickson, and A. G. Farr (2005)
J. Immunol. 175, 4331-4337
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Diabetes Is Predicted by the {beta} Cell Level of Autoantigen.
C. A. Byersdorfer, G. G. Schweitzer, and E. R. Unanue (2005)
J. Immunol. 175, 4347-4354
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Modifier loci condition autoimmunity provoked by Aire deficiency.
W. Jiang, M. S. Anderson, R. Bronson, D. Mathis, and C. Benoist (2005)
J. Exp. Med. 202, 805-815
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Dendritic Cells in Human Thymus and Periphery Display a Proinsulin Epitope in a Transcription-Dependent, Capture-Independent Fashion.
C. A. Garcia, K. R. Prabakar, J. Diez, Z. A. Cao, G. Allende, M. Zeller, R. Dogra, A. Mendez, E. Rosenkranz, U. Dahl, et al. (2005)
J. Immunol. 175, 2111-2122
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Regulation of Bim by TCR Signals in CD4/CD8 Double-Positive Thymocytes.
A. Bunin, F. W. Khwaja, and G. J. Kersh (2005)
J. Immunol. 175, 1532-1539
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
NF{kappa}B-Inducing Kinase Deficiency Results in the Development of a Subset of Regulatory T Cells, which Shows a Hyperproliferative Activity upon Glucocorticoid-Induced TNF Receptor Family-Related Gene Stimulation.
L.-F. Lu, D. C. Gondek, Z. A. Scott, and R. J. Noelle (2005)
J. Immunol. 175, 1651-1657
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Promiscuous gene expression in thymic epithelial cells is regulated at multiple levels.
J. Derbinski, J. Gabler, B. Brors, S. Tierling, S. Jonnakuty, M. Hergenhahn, L. Peltonen, J. Walter, and B. Kyewski (2005)
J. Exp. Med. 202, 33-45
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Contrasting models of promiscuous gene expression by thymic epithelium.
G. O. Gillard and A. G. Farr (2005)
J. Exp. Med. 202, 15-19
   Abstract »    Full Text »