Note to users. If you're seeing this message, it means that your browser cannot find this page's style/presentation instructions -- or possibly that you are using a browser that does not support current Web standards. Find out more about why this message is appearing, and what you can do to make your experience of our site the best it can be.
Projection of an Immunological Self Shadow Within the Thymus by the Aire Protein
Mark S. Anderson,1Emily S. Venanzi,1Ludger Klein,2Zhibin Chen,1Stuart P. Berzins,1Shannon J. Turley,1Harald von Boehmer,2Roderick Bronson,3Andrée Dierich,4Christophe Benoist,1*Diane Mathis1*
Humans expressing a defective form of the transcription
factor AIRE (autoimmune regulator) develop multiorgan autoimmune
disease.We used aire- deficient mice to test the
hypothesis that thistranscription factor regulates autoimmunity by
promoting the ectopicexpression of peripheral tissue- restricted
antigens in medullaryepithelial cells of the thymus. This hypothesis
proved correct.The mutant animals exhibited a defined profile of
autoimmune diseasesthat depended on the absence of aire in stromal
cells of the thymus.Aire-deficient thymic medullary epithelial cells
showed a specificreduction in ectopic transcription of genes encoding
peripheralantigens. These findings highlight the importance of
thymicallyimposed "central" tolerance in controlling autoimmunity.
1 Section on Immunology and Immunogenetics,
Joslin Diabetes Center; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's
Hospital; Harvard Medical School, 1 Joslin Place, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
2 Dana Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney
Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
3 Harvard Medical
School, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
4 Institut de Génétique et de Biologie
Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/ULP, 1 rue Laurent Fries,
67404 Strasbourg, France.
*
To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
cbdm{at}joslin.harvard.edu
The editors suggest the following Related Resources on Science sites:
In Science Magazine
PERSPECTIVES
Pamela S. Ohashi (15 November 2002) Science298 (5597), 1348.
[DOI: 10.1126/science.1079323] |Summary »|Full Text »|PDF »
THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES:
Avidity maturation of memory CD8 T cells is limited by self-antigen expression.
M. J. Turner, E. R. Jellison, E. G. Lingenheld, L. Puddington, and L. Lefrancois (2008)
J. Exp. Med.
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Guanylyl Cyclase C-Induced Immunotherapeutic Responses Opposing Tumor Metastases Without Autoimmunity.
A. E. Snook, B. J. Stafford, P. Li, G. Tan, L. Huang, R. Birbe, S. Schulz, M. J. Schnell, M. Thakur, J. L. Rothstein, et al. (2008)
J Natl Cancer Inst
100, 950-961
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Autoreactive T Cells Escape Clonal Deletion in the Thymus by a CD24-Dependent Pathway.
J. W. Carl Jr., J.-Q. Liu, P. S. Joshi, H. Y. El-Omrani, L. Yin, X. Zheng, C. C. Whitacre, Y. Liu, and X.-F. Bai (2008)
J. Immunol.
181, 320-328
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Lt{beta}r Signaling Does Not Regulate Aire-Dependent Transcripts in Medullary Thymic Epithelial Cells.
N. WILLCOX, M. I. LEITE, Y. KADOTA, M. JONES, A. MEAGER, P. SUBRAHMANYAM, B. DASGUPTA, B. P. MORGAN, and A. VINCENT (2008)
Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci.
1132, 163-173
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Osteoimmunology: Interactions of the Bone and Immune System.
Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type I in Slovakia: relevance of screening patients with autoimmune Addison's disease.
N. F. Magitta, M. Pura, A. S Boe Wolff, P. Vanuga, A. Meager, P. M Knappskog, and E. S Husebye (2008)
Eur. J. Endocrinol.
158, 705-709
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
The Lymphotoxin Pathway Regulates Aire-Independent Expression of Ectopic Genes and Chemokines in Thymic Stromal Cells.
N. Seach, T. Ueno, A. L. Fletcher, T. Lowen, M. Mattesich, C. R. Engwerda, H. S. Scott, C. F. Ware, A. P. Chidgey, D. H. D. Gray, et al. (2008)
J. Immunol.
180, 5384-5392
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Cutting Edge: Autoimmune Disease in Day 3 Thymectomized Mice Is Actively Controlled by Endogenous Disease-Specific Regulatory T Cells.
E. T. Samy, K. M. Wheeler, R. J. Roper, C. Teuscher, and K. S. K. Tung (2008)
J. Immunol.
180, 4366-4370
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
A Specific Anti-Aire Antibody Reveals Aire Expression Is Restricted to Medullary Thymic Epithelial Cells and Not Expressed in Periphery.
F.-X. Hubert, S. A. Kinkel, K. E. Webster, P. Cannon, P. E. Crewther, A. I. Proeitto, L. Wu, W. R. Heath, and H. S. Scott (2008)
J. Immunol.
180, 3824-3832
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Autoimmune Polyendocrine Syndrome Type 1 and NALP5, a Parathyroid Autoantigen.
M. Alimohammadi, P. Bjorklund, A. Hallgren, N. Pontynen, G. Szinnai, N. Shikama, M. P. Keller, O. Ekwall, S. A. Kinkel, E. S. Husebye, et al. (2008)
N. Engl. J. Med.
358, 1018-1028
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Characterization of the In Vivo Dynamics of Medullary CD4+CD8- Thymocyte Development.
R. Jin, W. Wang, J.-Y. Yao, Y.-B. Zhou, X.-P. Qian, J. Zhang, Y. Zhang, and W.-F. Chen (2008)
J. Immunol.
180, 2256-2263
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
No requirement for TRAIL in intrathymic negative selection.
E. Cretney, A. P. Uldrich, F. W. McNab, D. I. Godfrey, and M. J. Smyth (2008)
Int. Immunol.
20, 267-276
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Expression of Aire and the Early Wave of Apoptosis in Spermatogenesis.
C. E. Schaller, C. L. Wang, G. Beck-Engeser, L. Goss, H. S. Scott, M. S. Anderson, and M. Wabl (2008)
J. Immunol.
180, 1338-1343
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
AIRE's CARD Revealed, a New Structure for Central Tolerance Provokes Transcriptional Plasticity.
B. J. Ferguson, C. Alexander, S. W. Rossi, I. Liiv, A. Rebane, C. L. Worth, J. Wong, M. Laan, P. Peterson, E. J. Jenkinson, et al. (2008)
J. Biol. Chem.
283, 1723-1731
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Promiscuous gene expression patterns in single medullary thymic epithelial cells argue for a stochastic mechanism.
J. Derbinski, S. Pinto, S. Rosch, K. Hexel, and B. Kyewski (2008)
PNAS
105, 657-662
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Small Proline-Rich Protein 1B (SPRR1B) Is a Biomarker for Squamous Metaplasia in Dry Eye Disease.
S. Li, K. Nikulina, J. DeVoss, A. J. Wu, E. C. Strauss, M. S. Anderson, and N. A. McNamara (2008)
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.
49, 34-41
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Recurrent Staphylococcal Cellulitis and Subcutaneous Abscesses in a Child with Autoantibodies against IL-6.
A. Puel, C. Picard, M. Lorrot, C. Pons, M. Chrabieh, L. Lorenzo, M. Mamani-Matsuda, E. Jouanguy, D. Gendrel, and J.-L. Casanova (2008)
J. Immunol.
180, 647-654
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
AIRE Recruits P-TEFb for Transcriptional Elongation of Target Genes in Medullary Thymic Epithelial Cells.
I. Oven, N. Brdickova, J. Kohoutek, T. Vaupotic, M. Narat, and B. M. Peterlin (2007)
Mol. Cell. Biol.
27, 8815-8823
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Lymphotoxin Receptor Is Required for the Migration and Selection of Autoreactive T Cells in Thymic Medulla.
M. Zhu, R. K. Chin, A. V. Tumanov, X. Liu, and Y.-X. Fu (2007)
J. Immunol.
179, 8069-8075
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Impaired responsiveness to T-cell receptor stimulation and defective negative selection of thymocytes in CCR7-deficient mice.
A. C. M. Davalos-Misslitz, T. Worbs, S. Willenzon, G. Bernhardt, and R. Forster (2007)
Blood
110, 4351-4359
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Developmental pathway of CD4+CD8- medullary thymocytes during mouse ontogeny and its defect in Aire-/- mice.
J. Li, Y. Li, J.-Y. Yao, R. Jin, M.-Z. Zhu, X.-P. Qian, J. Zhang, Y.-X. Fu, L. Wu, Y. Zhang, et al. (2007)
PNAS
104, 18175-18180
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Danger-free autoimmune disease in Aire-deficient mice.
D. H. D. Gray, I. Gavanescu, C. Benoist, and D. Mathis (2007)
PNAS
104, 18193-18198
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Lymphotoxin Pathway and Aire Influences on Thymic Medullary Epithelial Cells Are Unconnected.
E. S. Venanzi, D. H. D. Gray, C. Benoist, and D. Mathis (2007)
J. Immunol.
179, 5693-5700
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Proliferative arrest and rapid turnover of thymic epithelial cells expressing Aire.
D. Gray, J. Abramson, C. Benoist, and D. Mathis (2007)
J. Exp. Med.
204, 2521-2528
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Genetic Dissection of Autoimmune Polyendocrine Syndrome Type 2: Common Origin of a Spectrum of Phenotypes.
A. BALLARINI and M. A. LEE-KIRSCH (2007)
Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci.
1110, 159-165
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
The role of antigen-presenting cells in triggering graft-versus-host disease and graft-versus-leukemia.
RANK signals from CD4+3 inducer cells regulate development of Aire-expressing epithelial cells in the thymic medulla.
S. W. Rossi, M.-Y. Kim, A. Leibbrandt, S. M. Parnell, W. E. Jenkinson, S. H. Glanville, F. M. McConnell, H. S. Scott, J. M. Penninger, E. J. Jenkinson, et al. (2007)
J. Exp. Med.
204, 1267-1272
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
The Autoimmune Regulator Directly Controls the Expression of Genes Critical for Thymic Epithelial Function.
Q.-G. Ruan, K. Tung, D. Eisenman, Y. Setiady, S. Eckenrode, B. Yi, S. Purohit, W.-P. Zheng, Y. Zhang, L. Peltonen, et al. (2007)
J. Immunol.
178, 7173-7180
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Non-Cell Autonomous Expression of TNF-{alpha}-Converting Enzyme ADAM17 Is Required for Normal Lymphocyte Development.
N. Li, K. Boyd, P. J. Dempsey, and D. A. A. Vignali (2007)
J. Immunol.
178, 4214-4221
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Limited Peripheral T Cell Anergy Predisposes to Retinal Autoimmunity.
T. Lambe, J. C. H. Leung, H. Ferry, T. Bouriez-Jones, K. Makinen, T. L. Crockford, H. R. Jiang, J. M. Nickerson, L. Peltonen, J. V. Forrester, et al. (2007)
J. Immunol.
178, 4276-4283
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Loss of Aire-dependent thymic expression of a peripheral tissue antigen renders it a target of autoimmunity.
I. Gavanescu, B. Kessler, H. Ploegh, C. Benoist, and D. Mathis (2007)
PNAS
104, 4583-4587
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Aire-Dependent Alterations in Medullary Thymic Epithelium Indicate a Role for Aire in Thymic Epithelial Differentiation.
G. O. Gillard, J. Dooley, M. Erickson, L. Peltonen, and A. G. Farr (2007)
J. Immunol.
178, 3007-3015
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Autoimmune Polyendocrine Syndrome Type 1 in Norway: Phenotypic Variation, Autoantibodies, and Novel Mutations in the Autoimmune Regulator Gene.
A. S. B. Wolff, M. M. Erichsen, A. Meager, N. F. Magitta, A. G. Myhre, J. Bollerslev, K. J. Fougner, K. Lima, P. M. Knappskog, and E. S. Husebye (2007)
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.
92, 595-603
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
PDGFR{alpha}-expressing mesenchyme regulates thymus growth and the availability of intrathymic niches.
W. E. Jenkinson, S. W. Rossi, S. M. Parnell, E. J. Jenkinson, and G. Anderson (2007)
Blood
109, 954-960
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Pituitary autoantibodies in autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1.
S. Bensing, S. O. Fetissov, J. Mulder, J. Perheentupa, J. Gustafsson, E. S. Husebye, M. Oscarson, O. Ekwall, P. A. Crock, T. Hokfelt, et al. (2007)
PNAS
104, 949-954
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Thymus Medulla Formation and Central Tolerance Are Restored in IKK{alpha}-/- Mice That Express an IKK{alpha} Transgene in Keratin 5+ Thymic Epithelial Cells.
D. Lomada, B. Liu, L. Coghlan, Y. Hu, and E. R. Richie (2007)
J. Immunol.
178, 829-837
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
NF-{kappa}B2 Is Required for the Control of Autoimmunity by Regulating the Development of Medullary Thymic Epithelial Cells.
B. Zhang, Z. Wang, J. Ding, P. Peterson, W. T. Gunning, and H.-F. Ding (2006)
J. Biol. Chem.
281, 38617-38624
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
RPE Cells Resist Bystander Killing by CTLs, but Are Highly Susceptible to Antigen-Dependent CTL Killing.
D. S. Gregerson, K. L. Lew, S. W. McPherson, N. D. Heuss, and D. A. Ferrington (2006)
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.
47, 5385-5394
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Distinct and Non-Overlapping T Cell Receptor Repertoires Expanded by DNA Vaccination in Wild-Type and HER-2 Transgenic BALB/c Mice.
S. Rolla, C. Nicolo, S. Malinarich, M. Orsini, G. Forni, F. Cavallo, and F. Ria (2006)
J. Immunol.
177, 7626-7633
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Developmental kinetics, turnover, and stimulatory capacity of thymic epithelial cells.
D. H. D. Gray, N. Seach, T. Ueno, M. K. Milton, A. Liston, A. M. Lew, C. C. Goodnow, and R. L. Boyd (2006)
Blood
108, 3777-3785
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Spontaneous autoimmunity prevented by thymic expression of a single self-antigen.
J. DeVoss, Y. Hou, K. Johannes, W. Lu, G. I. Liou, J. Rinn, H. Chang, R. R. Caspi, L. Fong, and M. S. Anderson (2006)
J. Exp. Med.
203, 2727-2735
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Thymus-Dependent T Cell Tolerance of Neuroendocrine Functions: Principles, Reflections, and Implications for Tolerogenic/Negative Self-Vaccination.
Heat shock proteins induce T cell regulation of chronic inflammation.
F Hauet-Broere, L Wieten, T Guichelaar, S Berlo, R van der Zee, and W Van Eden (2006)
Ann Rheum Dis
65, iii65-iii68
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Aire-deficient mice develop hematopoetic irregularities and marginal zone B-cell lymphoma.
S. Hassler, C. Ramsey, M. C. Karlsson, D. Larsson, B. Herrmann, B. Rozell, M. Backheden, L. Peltonen, O. Kampe, and O. Winqvist (2006)
Blood
108, 1941-1948
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Isolation and Characterization of Proinsulin-Producing Medullary Thymic Epithelial Cell Clones.
M. O. Palumbo, D. Levi, A. A. Chentoufi, and C. Polychronakos (2006)
Diabetes
55, 2595-2601
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Local Intrahepatic CD8+ T Cell Activation by a Non-Self- Antigen Results in Full Functional Differentiation.
S. A. Wuensch, R. H. Pierce, and I. N. Crispe (2006)
J. Immunol.
177, 1689-1697
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Abnormal lymphoid organ development in immunodeficient mutant mice..
R. Seymour, J. P. Sundberg, and H. HogenEsch (2006)
Vet. Pathol.
43, 401-423
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Tolerance to Proinsulin-2 Is Due to Radioresistant Thymic Cells.
B. Faideau, C. Lotton, B. Lucas, I. Tardivel, J. F. Elliott, C. Boitard, and J.-C. Carel (2006)
J. Immunol.
177, 53-60
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Lymphotoxin Pathway-Directed, Autoimmune Regulator-Independent Central Tolerance to Arthritogenic Collagen.
R. K. Chin, M. Zhu, P. A. Christiansen, W. Liu, C. Ware, L. Peltonen, X. Zhang, L. Guo, S. Han, B. Zheng, et al. (2006)
J. Immunol.
177, 290-297
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Spontaneous B cell hyperactivity in autoimmune-prone MRL mice.
A. Nijnik, H. Ferry, G. Lewis, E. Rapsomaniki, J. C. H. Leung, A. Daser, T. Lambe, C. C. Goodnow, and R. J. Cornall (2006)
Int. Immunol.
18, 1127-1137
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Cervical Thymus in the Mouse..
J. Dooley, M. Erickson, G. O. Gillard, and A. G. Farr (2006)
J. Immunol.
176, 6484-6490
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Foxp3+ CD25+ regulatory T cells specific for a neo-self-antigen develop at the double-positive thymic stage.
J. Cabarrocas, C. Cassan, F. Magnusson, E. Piaggio, L. Mars, J. Derbinski, B. Kyewski, D.-A. Gross, B. L. Salomon, K. Khazaie, et al. (2006)
PNAS
103, 8453-8458
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Processing of Tumor-Associated Antigen by the Proteasomes of Dendritic Cells Controls In vivo T-Cell Responses..
L. Chapatte, M. Ayyoub, S. Morel, A.-L. Peitrequin, N. Levy, C. Servis, B. J. Van den Eynde, D. Valmori, and F. Levy (2006)
Cancer Res.
66, 5461-5468
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Features of Medullary Thymic Epithelium Implicate Postnatal Development in Maintaining Epithelial Heterogeneity and Tissue-Restricted Antigen Expression.
Essential Role of I{kappa}B Kinase {alpha} in Thymic Organogenesis Required for the Establishment of Self-Tolerance.
D. Kinoshita, F. Hirota, T. Kaisho, M. Kasai, K. Izumi, Y. Bando, Y. Mouri, A. Matsushima, S. Niki, H. Han, et al. (2006)
J. Immunol.
176, 3995-4002
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Developmental Alterations in Thymocyte Sensitivity Are Actively Regulated by MHC Class II Expression in the Thymic Medulla.
S. C. Eck, P. Zhu, M. Pepper, S. J. Bensinger, B. D. Freedman, and T. M. Laufer (2006)
J. Immunol.
176, 2229-2237
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Y. Y. Setiady, K. Ohno, E. T. Samy, H. Bagavant, H. Qiao, C. Sharp, J. X. She, and K. S. K. Tung (2006)
Blood
107, 1056-1062
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Autoimmune Polyendocrinopathy-Candidiasis-Ectodermal Dystrophy Syndrome with Renal Failure: Impact of Posttransplant Immunosuppression on Disease Activity.
T. Ulinski, L. Perrin, M. Morris, M. Houang, S. Cabrol, C. Grapin, N. Chabbert-Buffet, A. Bensman, G. Deschenes, and I. Giurgea (2006)
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.
91, 192-195
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
CD18 Is Required for Optimal Development and Function of CD4+CD25+ T Regulatory Cells.
M. Marski, S. Kandula, J. R. Turner, and C. Abraham (2005)
J. Immunol.
175, 7889-7897
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
CD8 T Cell Sensory Adaptation Dependent on TCR Avidity for Self-Antigens.
M.-E. Marquez, W. Ellmeier, V. Sanchez-Guajardo, A. A. Freitas, O. Acuto, and V. Di Bartolo (2005)
J. Immunol.
175, 7388-7397
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Characteristics of Autoimmunity in Type 1 Diabetes and Type 1.5 Overlap With Type 2 Diabetes.
The Cooperation between Two CD4 T Cells Induces Tumor Protective Immunity in MUC.1 Transgenic Mice.
M. Gerloni, P. Castiglioni, and M. Zanetti (2005)
J. Immunol.
175, 6551-6559
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Promiscuous Thymic Expression of an Autoantigen Gene Does Not Result in Negative Selection of Pathogenic T Cells.
S. Allen, S. Read, R. DiPaolo, R. S. McHugh, E. M. Shevach, P. A. Gleeson, and I. R. van Driel (2005)
J. Immunol.
175, 5759-5764
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
How defects in central tolerance impinge on a deficiency in regulatory T cells.
An Organized Medullary Epithelial Structure in the Normal Thymus Expresses Molecules of Respiratory Epithelium and Resembles the Epithelial Thymic Rudiment of Nude Mice.
Diabetes Is Predicted by the {beta} Cell Level of Autoantigen.
C. A. Byersdorfer, G. G. Schweitzer, and E. R. Unanue (2005)
J. Immunol.
175, 4347-4354
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Modifier loci condition autoimmunity provoked by Aire deficiency.
W. Jiang, M. S. Anderson, R. Bronson, D. Mathis, and C. Benoist (2005)
J. Exp. Med.
202, 805-815
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Dendritic Cells in Human Thymus and Periphery Display a Proinsulin Epitope in a Transcription-Dependent, Capture-Independent Fashion.
C. A. Garcia, K. R. Prabakar, J. Diez, Z. A. Cao, G. Allende, M. Zeller, R. Dogra, A. Mendez, E. Rosenkranz, U. Dahl, et al. (2005)
J. Immunol.
175, 2111-2122
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Regulation of Bim by TCR Signals in CD4/CD8 Double-Positive Thymocytes.
NF{kappa}B-Inducing Kinase Deficiency Results in the Development of a Subset of Regulatory T Cells, which Shows a Hyperproliferative Activity upon Glucocorticoid-Induced TNF Receptor Family-Related Gene Stimulation.
L.-F. Lu, D. C. Gondek, Z. A. Scott, and R. J. Noelle (2005)
J. Immunol.
175, 1651-1657
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Promiscuous gene expression in thymic epithelial cells is regulated at multiple levels.
J. Derbinski, J. Gabler, B. Brors, S. Tierling, S. Jonnakuty, M. Hergenhahn, L. Peltonen, J. Walter, and B. Kyewski (2005)
J. Exp. Med.
202, 33-45
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Contrasting models of promiscuous gene expression by thymic epithelium.
G. O. Gillard and A. G. Farr (2005)
J. Exp. Med.
202, 15-19
|Abstract »|Full Text »|