Note to users. If you're seeing this message, it means that your browser cannot find this page's style/presentation instructions -- or possibly that you are using a browser that does not support current Web standards. Find out more about why this message is appearing, and what you can do to make your experience of our site the best it can be.
Immunity-Related Genes and Gene Families in Anopheles gambiae
George K. Christophides,1*Evgeny Zdobnov,1*Carolina Barillas-Mury,2Ewan Birney,3Stephanie Blandin,1Claudia Blass,1Paul T. Brey,4Frank H. Collins,5Alberto Danielli,1George Dimopoulos,6Charles Hetru,7Ngo T. Hoa,8Jules A. Hoffmann,7Stefan M. Kanzok,8Ivica Letunic,1Elena A. Levashina,1Thanasis G. Loukeris,9Gareth Lycett,1Stephan Meister,1Kristin Michel,1Luis F. Moita,1Hans-Michael Müller,1Mike A. Osta,1Susan M. Paskewitz,10Jean-Marc Reichhart,7Andrey Rzhetsky,11Laurent Troxler,7Kenneth D. Vernick,12Dina Vlachou,1Jennifer Volz,1Christian von Mering,1Jiannong Xu,12Liangbiao Zheng,8Peer Bork,1Fotis C. Kafatos1
We have identified 242 Anopheles gambiae genes
from 18 gene families implicated in innate immunity and have detected
markeddiversification relative to Drosophila melanogaster.
Immune-relatedgene families involved in recognition, signal
modulation, andeffector systems show a marked deficit of orthologs and
excessivegene expansions, possibly reflecting selection pressures fromdifferent pathogens encountered in these insects' very differentlife-styles. In contrast, the multifunctional Toll signal transductionpathway is substantially conserved, presumably because of
counterselectionfor developmental stability. Representative expression
profilesconfirm that sequence diversification is accompanied by
specificresponses to different immune challenges. Alternative RNA
splicingmay also contribute to expansion of the immune repertoire.
1 European Molecular Biology Laboratory,
Meyerhofstrasse 1, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
2 Department of Microbiology, Immunology and
Pathology (MIP), Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
80523-1682, USA.
3 European Bioinformatics
Institute-European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Genome
Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK.
4 Unité de Biochimie et Biologie
Moléculaire des Insectes, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr. Roux,
75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.
5 Center for Tropical
Disease Research and Training, University of Notre Dame, Post Office
Box 369, Notre Dame, IN 46556-0369, USA.
6 Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for
Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Imperial College of Science,
Technology and Medicine, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
7 Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et
Cellulaire, Unité Propre de Recherche, 9022 du Centre National de
la Recherche Scientifique, 15 rue Descartes, F67084 Strasbourg Cedex,
France.
8 Yale University School of Medicine,
Epidemiology and Public Health, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
9 Institute of Molecular Biology and
Biotechnology-Foundation of Research and Technology Hellas, Vassilika
Vouton, Post Office Box 1527, GR-711 10 Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
10 Department of Entomology, 237 Russell Lab, 1630 Linden Drive, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
11 Columbia Genome Center and Department of Medical
Informatics, Columbia University, Russ Berrie Medical Science Pavilion,
1150 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York, NY 10032, USA.
12 Department of Medical and Molecular
Parasitology, New York University School of Medicine, 341 East 25th
Street, Room 613, New York, NY 10010, USA.
*
These authors contributed equally to this work.
To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
dg-office{at}embl-heidelberg.de
The editors suggest the following Related Resources on Science sites:
In Science Magazine
VIEWPOINT
A. della Torre, C. Costantini, N. J. Besansky, A. Caccone, V. Petrarca, J. R. Powell, and M. Coluzzi (4 October 2002) Science298 (5591), 115.
[DOI: 10.1126/science.1078170] |Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
VIEWPOINT
Thomas W. Scott, Willem Takken, Bart G. J. Knols, and Christophe Boëte (4 October 2002) Science298 (5591), 117.
[DOI: 10.1126/science.298.5591.117] |Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
VIEWPOINT
Luke Alphey, C. Ben Beard, Peter Billingsley, Maureen Coetzee, Andrea Crisanti, Chris Curtis, Paul Eggleston, Charles Godfray, Janet Hemingway, Marcelo Jacobs-Lorena, Anthony A. James, Fotis C. Kafatos, Louis G. Mukwaya, Michael Paton, Jeffrey R. Powell, William Schneider, Thomas W. Scott, Barbara Sina, Robert Sinden, Steven Sinkins, Andrew Spielman, Yeya Touré, and Frank H. Collins (4 October 2002) Science298 (5591), 119.
[DOI: 10.1126/science.1078278] |Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
VIEWPOINT
Louis H. Miller and Brian Greenwood (4 October 2002) Science298 (5591), 121.
[DOI: 10.1126/science.1078048] |Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
VIEWPOINT
Jeffrey D. Sachs (4 October 2002) Science298 (5591), 122.
[DOI: 10.1126/science.1077900] |Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
VIEWPOINT
Thomas E. Wellems (4 October 2002) Science298 (5591), 124.
[DOI: 10.1126/science.1078167] |Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
VIEWPOINT
Alan F. Cowman and Brendan S. Crabb (4 October 2002) Science298 (5591), 126.
[DOI: 10.1126/science.1078169] |Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
RESEARCH ARTICLES
Robert A. Holt, G. Mani Subramanian, Aaron Halpern, Granger G. Sutton, Rosane Charlab, Deborah R. Nusskern, Patrick Wincker, Andrew G. Clark, José M. C. Ribeiro, Ron Wides, Steven L. Salzberg, Brendan Loftus, Mark Yandell, William H. Majoros, Douglas B. Rusch, Zhongwu Lai, Cheryl L. Kraft, Josep F. Abril, Veronique Anthouard, Peter Arensburger, Peter W. Atkinson, Holly Baden, Veronique de Berardinis, Danita Baldwin, Vladimir Benes, Jim Biedler, Claudia Blass, Randall Bolanos, Didier Boscus, Mary Barnstead, Shuang Cai, Angela Center, Kabir Chatuverdi, George K. Christophides, Mathew A. Chrystal, Michele Clamp, Anibal Cravchik, Val Curwen, Ali Dana, Art Delcher, Ian Dew, Cheryl A. Evans, Michael Flanigan, Anne Grundschober-Freimoser, Lisa Friedli, Zhiping Gu, Ping Guan, Roderic Guigo, Maureen E. Hillenmeyer, Susanne L. Hladun, James R. Hogan, Young S. Hong, Jeffrey Hoover, Olivier Jaillon, Zhaoxi Ke, Chinnappa Kodira, Elena Kokoza, Anastasios Koutsos, Ivica Letunic, Alex Levitsky, Yong Liang, Jhy-Jhu Lin, Neil F. Lobo, John R. Lopez, Joel A. Malek, Tina C. McIntosh, Stephan Meister, Jason Miller, Clark Mobarry, Emmanuel Mongin, Sean D. Murphy, David A. O'Brochta, Cynthia Pfannkoch, Rong Qi, Megan A. Regier, Karin Remington, Hongguang Shao, Maria V. Sharakhova, Cynthia D. Sitter, Jyoti Shetty, Thomas J. Smith, Renee Strong, Jingtao Sun, Dana Thomasova, Lucas Q. Ton, Pantelis Topalis, Zhijian Tu, Maria F. Unger, Brian Walenz, Aihui Wang, Jian Wang, Mei Wang, Xuelan Wang, Kerry J. Woodford, Jennifer R. Wortman, Martin Wu, Alison Yao, Evgeny M. Zdobnov, Hongyu Zhang, Qi Zhao, Shaying Zhao, Shiaoping C. Zhu, Igor Zhimulev, Mario Coluzzi, Alessandra della Torre, Charles W. Roth, Christos Louis, Francis Kalush, Richard J. Mural, Eugene W. Myers, Mark D. Adams, Hamilton O. Smith, Samuel Broder, Malcolm J. Gardner, Claire M. Fraser, Ewan Birney, Peer Bork, Paul T. Brey, J. Craig Venter, Jean Weissenbach, Fotis C. Kafatos, Frank H. Collins, and Stephen L. Hoffman (4 October 2002) Science298 (5591), 129.
[DOI: 10.1126/science.1076181] |Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »|Supporting Online Material »|Figure 1 »
EDITORIAL
Kathryn S. Aultman, Michael Gottlieb, Maria Y. Giovanni, and Anthony S. Fauci (4 October 2002) Science298 (5591), 13.
[DOI: 10.1126/science.298.5591.13] |Summary »|PDF »
RESEARCH ARTICLES
Evgeny M. Zdobnov, Christian von Mering, Ivica Letunic, David Torrents, Mikita Suyama, Richard R. Copley, George K. Christophides, Dana Thomasova, Robert A. Holt, G. Mani Subramanian, Hans-Michael Mueller, George Dimopoulos, John H. Law, Michael A. Wells, Ewan Birney, Rosane Charlab, Aaron L. Halpern, Elena Kokoza, Cheryl L. Kraft, Zhongwu Lai, Suzanna Lewis, Christos Louis, Carolina Barillas-Mury, Deborah Nusskern, Gerald M. Rubin, Steven L. Salzberg, Granger G. Sutton, Pantelis Topalis, Ron Wides, Patrick Wincker, Mark Yandell, Frank H. Collins, Jose Ribeiro, William M. Gelbart, Fotis C. Kafatos, and Peer Bork (4 October 2002) Science298 (5591), 149.
[DOI: 10.1126/science.1077061] |Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »|Supporting Online Material »
REPORTS
Michael A. Riehle, Stephen F. Garczynski, Joe W. Crim, Catherine A. Hill, and Mark R. Brown (4 October 2002) Science298 (5591), 172.
[DOI: 10.1126/science.1076827] |Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »|Supporting Online Material »
REPORTS
Hilary Ranson, Charles Claudianos, Federica Ortelli, Christelle Abgrall, Janet Hemingway, Maria V. Sharakhova, Maria F. Unger, Frank H. Collins, and René Feyereisen (4 October 2002) Science298 (5591), 179.
[DOI: 10.1126/science.1076781] |Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »|Supporting Online Material »
REPORTS
Igor V. Sharakhov, Andrew C. Serazin, Olga G. Grushko, Ali Dana, Neil Lobo, Maureen E. Hillenmeyer, Richard Westerman, Jeanne Romero-Severson, Carlo Costantini, N'Fale Sagnon, Frank H. Collins, and Nora J. Besansky (4 October 2002) Science298 (5591), 182.
[DOI: 10.1126/science.1076803] |Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »|Supporting Online Material »
Oumou Niaré, Kyriacos Markianos, Jennifer Volz, Frederick Oduol, Abdoulaye Touré, Magaran Bagayoko, Djibril Sangaré, Sekou F. Traoré, Rui Wang, Claudia Blass, Guimogo Dolo, Madama Bouaré, Fotis C. Kafatos, Leonid Kruglyak, Yeya T. Touré, and Kenneth D. Vernick (4 October 2002) Science298 (5591), 213.
[DOI: 10.1126/science.1073420] |Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »|Supporting Online Material »
REPORTS
Sarah K. Volkman, Daniel L. Hartl, Dyann F. Wirth, Kaare M. Nielsen, Mehee Choi, Serge Batalov, Yingyao Zhou, David Plouffe, Karine G. Le Roch, Ruben Abagyan, and Elizabeth A. Winzeler (4 October 2002) Science298 (5591), 216.
[DOI: 10.1126/science.1075642] |Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »|Supporting Online Material »
NEWS OF THE WEEK
Elizabeth Pennisi (4 October 2002) Science298 (5591), 33a.
[DOI: 10.1126/science.298.5591.33a] |Summary »|Full Text »|PDF »
PERSPECTIVES
I. M. Hastings, P. G. Bray, and S. A. Ward (4 October 2002) Science298 (5591), 74.
[DOI: 10.1126/science.1077573] |Summary »|Full Text »|PDF »
INTRODUCTION TO SPECIAL ISSUE
Barbara R. Jasny, Smith Orla M., Leslie Roberts, and Martin Enserink (4 October 2002) Science298 (5591), 77.
[DOI: 10.1126/science.298.5591.77] |Summary »|PDF »
VIEWPOINT
Carlos M. Morel, Yeya T. Touré, Boris Dobrokhotov, and Ayoade M. J. Oduola (4 October 2002) Science298 (5591), 79.
[DOI: 10.1126/science.1078047] |Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
NEWS
Stephen Budiansky (4 October 2002) Science298 (5591), 80.
[DOI: 10.1126/science.298.5591.80] |Summary »|Full Text »|PDF »
NEWS
Leslie Roberts (4 October 2002) Science298 (5591), 82.
[DOI: 10.1126/science.298.5591.82] |Summary »|PDF »
NEWS
Gretchen Vogel (4 October 2002) Science298 (5591), 87.
[DOI: 10.1126/science.298.5591.87] |Summary »|Full Text »|PDF »
NEWS
Martin Enserink (4 October 2002) Science298 (5591), 90.
[DOI: 10.1126/science.298.5591.90] |Summary »|Full Text »|PDF »
NEWS
Martin Enserink (4 October 2002) Science298 (5591), 92.
[DOI: 10.1126/science.298.5591.92] |Summary »|Full Text »|PDF »
NEWS
Gretchen Vogel (4 October 2002) Science298 (5591), 94.
[DOI: 10.1126/science.298.5591.94] |Summary »|Full Text »|PDF »
VIEWPOINT
Janet Hemingway, Linda Field, and John Vontas (4 October 2002) Science298 (5591), 96.
[DOI: 10.1126/science.1078052] |Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
VIEWPOINT
Thomas C. Kaufman, David W. Severson, and Gene E. Robinson (4 October 2002) Science298 (5591), 97.
[DOI: 10.1126/science.1077901] |Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES:
Benchmarking Next-Generation Transcriptome Sequencing for Functional and Evolutionary Genomics.
J. G. Gibbons, E. M. Janson, C. T. Hittinger, M. Johnston, P. Abbot, and A. Rokas (2009)
Mol. Biol. Evol.
26, 2731-2744
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
West Nile Virus Infection Alters Midgut Gene Expression in Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae).
C. T. Smartt, S. L. Richards, S. L. Anderson, and J. S. Erickson (2009)
Am J Trop Med Hyg
81, 258-263
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Two C-type Lectins Cooperate to Defend Anopheles gambiae against Gram-negative Bacteria.
A. K. D. Schnitger, H. Yassine, F. C. Kafatos, and M. A. Osta (2009)
J. Biol. Chem.
284, 17616-17624
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Cell-to-Cell Spread of the RNA Interference Response Suppresses Semliki Forest Virus (SFV) Infection of Mosquito Cell Cultures and Cannot Be Antagonized by SFV.
G. Attarzadeh-Yazdi, R. Fragkoudis, Y. Chi, R. W. C. Siu, L. Ulper, G. Barry, J. Rodriguez-Andres, A. A. Nash, M. Bouloy, A. Merits, et al. (2009)
J. Virol.
83, 5735-5748
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Anopheles Fibrinogen-related Proteins Provide Expanded Pattern Recognition Capacity against Bacteria and Malaria Parasites.
Mosquito RUNX4 in the immune regulation of PPO gene expression and its effect on avian malaria parasite infection.
Z. Zou, S. W. Shin, K. S. Alvarez, G. Bian, V. Kokoza, and A. S. Raikhel (2008)
PNAS
105, 18454-18459
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Noduler, A Novel Immune Up-Regulated Protein Mediates Nodulation Response in Insects.
A. S. Gandhe, S. H. John, and J. Nagaraju (2007)
J. Immunol.
179, 6943-6951
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
The Melanization Reaction Is Not Required for Survival of Anopheles gambiae Mosquitoes after Bacterial Infections.
A. K. D. Schnitger, F. C. Kafatos, and M. A. Osta (2007)
J. Biol. Chem.
282, 21884-21888
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Structural basis for conserved complement factor-like function in the antimalarial protein TEP1.
R. H. G. Baxter, C.-I Chang, Y. Chelliah, S. Blandin, E. A. Levashina, and J. Deisenhofer (2007)
PNAS
104, 11615-11620
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Evolutionary Dynamics of Immune-Related Genes and Pathways in Disease-Vector Mosquitoes.
R. M. Waterhouse, E. V. Kriventseva, S. Meister, Z. Xi, K. S. Alvarez, L. C. Bartholomay, C. Barillas-Mury, G. Bian, S. Blandin, B. M. Christensen, et al. (2007)
Science
316, 1738-1743
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Characterization of the I{kappa}B-like gene family in polydnaviruses associated with wasps belonging to different Braconid subfamilies.
P. Falabella, P. Varricchio, B. Provost, E. Espagne, R. Ferrarese, A. Grimaldi, M. de Eguileor, G. Fimiani, M. V. Ursini, C. Malva, et al. (2007)
J. Gen. Virol.
88, 92-104
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
A Toll Receptor and a Cytokine, Toll5A and Spz1C, Are Involved in Toll Antifungal Immune Signaling in the Mosquito Aedes aegypti.
S. W. Shin, G. Bian, and A. S. Raikhel (2006)
J. Biol. Chem.
281, 39388-39395
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Diversity in lectins enables immune recognition and differentiation of wide spectrum of pathogens.
Y. Zhu, P. M. L. Ng, L. Wang, B. Ho, and J. L. Ding (2006)
Int. Immunol.
18, 1671-1680
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Genomic insights into the immune system of the sea urchin..
J. P. Rast, L. C. Smith, M. Loza-Coll, T. Hibino, and G. W. Litman (2006)
Science
314, 952-956
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Increased melanizing activity in Anopheles gambiae does not affect development of Plasmodium falciparum.
K. Michel, C. Suwanchaichinda, I. Morlais, L. Lambrechts, A. Cohuet, P. H. Awono-Ambene, F. Simard, D. Fontenille, M. R. Kanost, and F. C. Kafatos (2006)
PNAS
103, 16858-16863
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
An {alpha}2-macroglobulin-like protein is the cue to gregarious settlement of the barnacle Balanus amphitrite.
C. Dreanno, K. Matsumura, N. Dohmae, K. Takio, H. Hirota, R. R. Kirby, and A. S. Clare (2006)
PNAS
103, 14396-14401
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Peptidoglycan Recognition Proteins Are a New Class of Human Bactericidal Proteins.
X. Lu, M. Wang, J. Qi, H. Wang, X. Li, D. Gupta, and R. Dziarski (2006)
J. Biol. Chem.
281, 5895-5907
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Identification by full-coverage array CGH of human DNA copy number increases relative to chimpanzee and gorilla.
G. M. Wilson, S. Flibotte, P. I. Missirlis, M. A. Marra, S. Jones, K. Thornton, A. G. Clark, and R. A. Holt (2006)
Genome Res.
16, 173-181
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Dual strategies for peptidoglycan discrimination by peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs).
C. P. Swaminathan, P. H. Brown, A. Roychowdhury, Q. Wang, R. Guan, N. Silverman, W. E. Goldman, G.-J. Boons, and R. A. Mariuzza (2006)
PNAS
103, 684-689
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
The Roles of Two Clip Domain Serine Proteases in Innate Immune Responses of the Malaria Vector Anopheles gambiae.
J. Volz, M. A. Osta, F. C. Kafatos, and H.-M. Muller (2005)
J. Biol. Chem.
280, 40161-40168
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Bayesian coclustering of Anopheles gene expression time series: Study of immune defense response to multiple experimental challenges.
N. A. Heard, C. C. Holmes, D. A. Stephens, D. J. Hand, and G. Dimopoulos (2005)
PNAS
102, 16939-16944
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
An immune-responsive serpin, SRPN6, mediates mosquito defense against malaria parasites.
E. G. Abraham, S. B. Pinto, A. Ghosh, D. L. Vanlandingham, A. Budd, S. Higgs, F. C. Kafatos, M. Jacobs-Lorena, and K. Michel (2005)
PNAS
102, 16327-16332
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Double-Stranded RNA Induces Sequence-Specific Antiviral Silencing in Addition to Nonspecific Immunity in a Marine Shrimp: Convergence of RNA Interference and Innate Immunity in the Invertebrate Antiviral Response?.
J. Robalino, T. Bartlett, E. Shepard, S. Prior, G. Jaramillo, E. Scura, R. W. Chapman, P. S. Gross, C. L. Browdy, and G. W. Warr (2005)
J. Virol.
79, 13561-13571
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Peptidoglycan recognition in innate immunity.
R. Dziarski and D. Gupta (2005)
Innate Immunity
11, 304-310
|Abstract »|PDF »
Transgenic alteration of Toll immune pathway in the female mosquito Aedes aegypti.
G. Bian, S. W. Shin, H.-M. Cheon, V. Kokoza, and A. S. Raikhel (2005)
PNAS
102, 13568-13573
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Immune signaling pathways regulating bacterial and malaria parasite infection of the mosquito Anopheles gambiae.
S. Meister, S. M. Kanzok, X.-l. Zheng, C. Luna, T.-R. Li, N. T. Hoa, J. R. Clayton, K. P. White, F. C. Kafatos, G. K. Christophides, et al. (2005)
PNAS
102, 11420-11425
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
DIFFERENTIAL INTROGRESSION OF CHROMSOMAL REGIONS BETWEEN ANOPHELES GAMBIAE AND AN. ARABIENSIS.
M. A. SLOTMAN, A. D. TORRE, M. CALZETTA, and J. R. POWELL (2005)
Am J Trop Med Hyg
73, 326-335
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Macroarray analysis of coelomocyte gene expression in response to LPS in the sea urchin. Identification of unexpected immune diversity in an invertebrate.
S. V. Nair, H. Del Valle, P. S. Gross, D. P. Terwilliger, and L. C. Smith (2005)
Physiol Genomics
22, 33-47
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Impact of an ectoparasite on the immunity and pathology of an invertebrate: Evidence for host immunosuppression and viral amplification.
Manduca sexta Serpin-6 Regulates Immune Serine Proteinases PAP-3 and HP8: cDNA CLONING, PROTEIN EXPRESSION, INHIBITION KINETICS, AND FUNCTION ELUCIDATION.
Crystal structure of a peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP) in complex with a muramyl tripeptide from Gram-positive bacteria.
R. Guan, A. Roychowdury, B. Ember, S. Kumar, G.-J. Boons, and R. A. Mariuzza (2005)
Innate Immunity
11, 41-46
|Abstract »|PDF »
A Draft Sequence for the Genome of the Domesticated Silkworm (Bombyx mori).
Biology analysis group, Q. Xia, Z. Zhou, C. Lu, D. Cheng, F. Dai, B. Li, P. Zhao, X. Zha, T. Cheng, et al. (2004)
Science
306, 1937-1940
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Structural basis for peptidoglycan binding by peptidoglycan recognition proteins.
R. Guan, A. Roychowdhury, B. Ember, S. Kumar, G.-J. Boons, and R. A. Mariuzza (2004)
PNAS
101, 17168-17173
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
From the Cover: RNA interference acts as a natural antiviral response to O'nyong-nyong virus (Alphavirus; Togaviridae) infection of Anopheles gambiae.
K. M. Keene, B. D. Foy, I. Sanchez-Vargas, B. J. Beaty, C. D. Blair, and K. E. Olson (2004)
PNAS
101, 17240-17245
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
INTRASPECIFIC NUCLEOTIDE VARIATION IN ANOPHELES GAMBIAE: NEW INSIGHTS INTO THE BIOLOGY OF MALARIA VECTORS.
I. MORLAIS, N. PONCON, F. SIMARD, A. COHUET, and D. FONTENILLE (2004)
Am J Trop Med Hyg
71, 795-802
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Induction of Antiviral Immunity by Double-Stranded RNA in a Marine Invertebrate.
J. Robalino, C. L. Browdy, S. Prior, A. Metz, P. Parnell, P. Gross, and G. Warr (2004)
J. Virol.
78, 10442-10448
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
A Pattern Recognition Serine Proteinase Triggers the Prophenoloxidase Activation Cascade in the Tobacco Hornworm, Manduca sexta.
C. Ji, Y. Wang, X. Guo, S. Hartson, and H. Jiang (2004)
J. Biol. Chem.
279, 34101-34106
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Conditional Expression in the Malaria Mosquito Anopheles stephensi With Tet-On and Tet-Off Systems.
G. J. Lycett, F. C. Kafatos, and T. G. Loukeris (2004)
Genetics
167, 1781-1790
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Crystal Structure of the C-terminal Peptidoglycan-binding Domain of Human Peptidoglycan Recognition Protein I{alpha}.
R. Guan, E. L. Malchiodi, Q. Wang, P. Schuck, and R. A. Mariuzza (2004)
J. Biol. Chem.
279, 31873-31882
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Description of the Transcriptomes of Immune Response-Activated Hemocytes from the Mosquito Vectors Aedes aegypti and Armigeres subalbatus.
L. C. Bartholomay, W.-L. Cho, T. A. Rocheleau, J. P. Boyle, E. T. Beck, J. F. Fuchs, P. Liss, M. Rusch, K. M. Butler, R. C.-C. Wu, et al. (2004)
Infect. Immun.
72, 4114-4126
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Innate immunity in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae: comparative and functional genomics.
M. A. Osta, G. K. Christophides, D. Vlachou, and F. C. Kafatos (2004)
J. Exp. Biol.
207, 2551-2563
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
The Plant Virus Tomato Spotted Wilt Tospovirus Activates the Immune System of Its Main Insect Vector, Frankliniella occidentalis.
R. B. Medeiros, R. d. O. Resende, and A. C. de Avila (2004)
J. Virol.
78, 4976-4982
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Effects of Mosquito Genes on Plasmodium Development.
M. A. Osta, G. K. Christophides, and F. C. Kafatos (2004)
Science
303, 2030-2032
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Analysis of the Plasmodium and Anopheles Transcriptomes during Oocyst Differentiation.
P. Srinivasan, E. G. Abraham, A. K. Ghosh, J. Valenzuela, J. M. C. Ribeiro, G. Dimopoulos, F. C. Kafatos, J. H. Adams, H. Fujioka, and M. Jacobs-Lorena (2004)
J. Biol. Chem.
279, 5581-5587
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Characterization of Two Mosquito STATs, AaSTAT and CtSTAT: DIFFERENTIAL REGULATION OF TYROSINE PHOSPHORYLATION AND DNA BINDING ACTIVITY BY LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE TREATMENT AND BY JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS INFECTION.
C.-C. Lin, C.-M. Chou, Y.-L. Hsu, J.-C. Lien, Y.-M. Wang, S.-T. Chen, S.-C. Tsai, P.-W. Hsiao, and C.-J. Huang (2004)
J. Biol. Chem.
279, 3308-3317
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
From the Cover: A proteomic approach for the analysis of instantly released wound and immune proteins in Drosophila melanogaster hemolymph.
E. Vierstraete, P. Verleyen, G. Baggerman, W. D'Hertog, G. Van den Bergh, L. Arckens, A. De Loof, and L. Schoofs (2004)
PNAS
101, 470-475
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Biology of Toll receptors: lessons from insects and mammals.
Human Peptidoglycan Recognition Protein-L Is an N-Acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine Amidase.
Z.-M. Wang, X. Li, R. R. Cocklin, M. Wang, M. Wang, K. Fukase, S. Inamura, S. Kusumoto, D. Gupta, and R. Dziarski (2003)
J. Biol. Chem.
278, 49044-49052
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Transgenesis and reverse genetics of mosquito innate immunity.
S. W. Shin, V. A. Kokoza, and A. S. Raikhel (2003)
J. Exp. Biol.
206, 3835-3843
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Functional Proteomics of the Active Cysteine Protease Content in Drosophila S2 Cells.
C. Kocks, R. Maehr, H. S. Overkleeft, E. W. Wang, L. K. Iyer, A.-M. Lennon-Dumenil, H. L. Ploegh, and B. M. Kessler (2003)
Mol. Cell. Proteomics
2, 1188-1197
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Cloning and Characterization of Four Anopheles gambiae Serpin Isoforms, Differentially Induced in the Midgut by Plasmodium berghei Invasion.
A. Danielli, F. C. Kafatos, and T. G. Loukeris (2003)
J. Biol. Chem.
278, 4184-4193
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
The Genome Sequence of the Malaria Mosquito Anopheles gambiae.
R. A. Holt, G. M. Subramanian, A. Halpern, G. G. Sutton, R. Charlab, D. R. Nusskern, P. Wincker, A. G. Clark, J. M. C. Ribeiro, R. Wides, et al. (2002)
Science
298, 129-149
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Comparative Genome and Proteome Analysis of Anopheles gambiae and Drosophila melanogaster.
E. M. Zdobnov, C. von Mering, I. Letunic, D. Torrents, M. Suyama, R. R. Copley, G. K. Christophides, D. Thomasova, R. A. Holt, G. M. Subramanian, et al. (2002)
Science
298, 149-159
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
