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Comparative Genome and Proteome Analysis of Anopheles gambiae and Drosophila melanogaster
Evgeny M. Zdobnov,1*Christian von Mering,1*Ivica Letunic,1*David Torrents,1Mikita Suyama,1Richard R. Copley,2George K. Christophides,1Dana Thomasova,1Robert A. Holt,3G. Mani Subramanian,3Hans-Michael Mueller,1George Dimopoulos,4John H. Law,5Michael A. Wells,5Ewan Birney,6Rosane Charlab,3Aaron L. Halpern,3Elena Kokoza,7Cheryl L. Kraft,3Zhongwu Lai,3Suzanna Lewis,8Christos Louis,9Carolina Barillas-Mury,10Deborah Nusskern,3Gerald M. Rubin,8Steven L. Salzberg,11Granger G. Sutton,3Pantelis Topalis,9Ron Wides,12Patrick Wincker,13Mark Yandell,3Frank H. Collins,14Jose Ribeiro,15William M. Gelbart,16Fotis C. Kafatos,1Peer Bork1
Comparison of the genomes and proteomes of the two diptera
Anopheles gambiae and Drosophila melanogaster,
which diverged about250 million years ago, reveals considerable
similarities. However,numerous differences are also observed; some of
these must reflectthe selection and subsequent adaptation associated
with differentecologies and life strategies. Almost half of the genes
in bothgenomes are interpreted as orthologs and show an average
sequenceidentity of about 56%, which is slightly lower than that
observedbetween the orthologs of the pufferfish and human (diverged
about450 million years ago). This indicates that these two insectsdiverged considerably faster than vertebrates. Aligned sequencesreveal
that orthologous genes have retained only half of theirintron/exon
structure, indicating that intron gains or losseshave occurred at a
rate of about one per gene per 125 millionyears. Chromosomal arms
exhibit significant remnants of homologybetween the two species,
although only 34% of the genes colocalizein small "microsyntenic"
clusters, and major interarm transfersas well as intra-arm shuffling
of gene order are detected.
1 European Molecular Biology Laboratory,
Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
2 Wellcome Trust Center for Human Genetics,
Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.
3 Celera
Genomics, 45 West Gude Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
4 Department of Biological Sciences, Center for
Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ,
UK.
5 University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0088,
USA.
6 European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome
Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK.
7 Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Sibirian
Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk,
Russia.
8 University of California, Berkeley, CA
94720-3200, USA.
9 Institute for Molecular Biology
and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Post
Office Box 1527, GR-711 10 Heraklion, Crete, Greece, and University of
Crete, GR-711 10 Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
10 Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
80523-1671, USA.
11 The Institute for Genomic
Research, 9712 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
12 Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University,
Ramat-Gan, Israel.
13 Genoscope/Centre National de
Sequencage and CNRS-UMR 8030, 2 rue Gaston Cremieux, 91057 Evry Cedex
06, France.
14 Center for Tropical Disease Research
and Training, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556-0369,
USA.
15 Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research,
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, 4 Center Drive,
MSC 0425, Bethesda, MD 20892-0425, USA.
16 Harvard
University, 16 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
*
These authors contributed equally to this work.
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