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Originally published in Science Express on 25 July 2002
Science 23 August 2002:
Vol. 297. no. 5585, pp. 1301 - 1310
DOI: 10.1126/science.1072104
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Research Articles

Whole-Genome Shotgun Assembly and Analysis of the Genome of Fugu rubripes

Samuel Aparicio,21* Jarrod Chapman,3 Elia Stupka,1* Nik Putnam,3 Jer-ming Chia,1 Paramvir Dehal,3 Alan Christoffels,1 Sam Rash,3 Shawn Hoon,1 Arian Smit,4 Maarten D. Sollewijn Gelpke,3 Jared Roach,4 Tania Oh,1 Isaac Y. Ho,3 Marie Wong,1 Chris Detter,3 Frans Verhoef,1 Paul Predki,3 Alice Tay,1 Susan Lucas,3 Paul Richardson,3 Sarah F. Smith,5 Melody S. Clark,5 Yvonne J. K. Edwards,5 Norman Doggett,6 Andrey Zharkikh,7 Sean V. Tavtigian,7 Dmitry Pruss,7 Mary Barnstead,8 Cheryl Evans,8 Holly Baden,8 Justin Powell,9 Gustavo Glusman,4 Lee Rowen,4 Leroy Hood,4 Y. H. Tan,1 Greg Elgar,5* Trevor Hawkins,3*dagger Byrappa Venkatesh,1* Daniel Rokhsar,3* Sydney Brenner110*

The compact genome of Fugu rubripes has been sequenced to over 95% coverage, and more than 80% of the assembly is in multigene-sized scaffolds. In this 365-megabase vertebrate genome, repetitive DNA accounts for less than one-sixth of the sequence, and gene loci occupy about one-third of the genome. As with the human genome, gene loci are not evenly distributed, but are clustered into sparse and dense regions. Some "giant" genes were observed that had average coding sequence sizes but were spread over genomic lengths significantly larger than those of their human orthologs. Although three-quarters of predicted human proteins have a strong match to Fugu, approximately a quarter of the human proteins had highly diverged from or had no pufferfish homologs, highlighting the extent of protein evolution in the 450 million years since teleosts and mammals diverged. Conserved linkages between Fugu and human genes indicate the preservation of chromosomal segments from the common vertebrate ancestor, but with considerable scrambling of gene order.

1 Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 30 Medical Drive, Singapore 117609.
2 University of Cambridge, Department of Oncology, Hutchison-MRC Research Centre, Cambridge CB2 2XZ, UK.
3 U.S. DoE Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA.
4 Institute for Systems Biology, 1441 North 34th Street, Seattle, WA 98103, USA.
5 MRC UK HGMP Resource Centre, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SB, UK.
6 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.
7 Myriad Genetics Inc., 320 Wakara Way, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA.
8 Celera Genomics, 45 West Gude Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
9 Paradigm Therapeutics Ltd., Physiological Laboratory, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK.
10 Salk Institute, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92037-1099, USA.
*   To whom correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed. E-mail: saa1000{at}cam.ac.uk (S.A.), elia{at}fugu-sg.org (E.S.), gelgar{at}hgmp.mrc.ac.uk (G.E.), trevor.hawkins{at}am.amershambiosciences.com (T.H.), mcbbv{at}imcb.nus.edu.sg (B.V.), dsrokhsar{at}lbl.gov (D.R.), sbrenner{at}salk.edu (S.B.).

dagger    Present address: Amersham Biosciences, 928 East Arques Avenue, Sunnyvale, CA 945085, USA.

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J C R Cardoso, M S Clark, F A Viera, P D Bridge, A Gilles, and D M Power (2005)
J. Mol. Endocrinol. 34, 753-765
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The Repertoire of G-Protein-Coupled Receptors in Fully Sequenced Genomes.
R. Fredriksson and H. B. Schioth (2005)
Mol. Pharmacol. 67, 1414-1425
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A Second-Generation Genetic Linkage Map of Tilapia (Oreochromis spp.).
B.-Y. Lee, W.-J. Lee, J. T. Streelman, K. L. Carleton, A. E. Howe, G. Hulata, A. Slettan, J. E. Stern, Y. Terai, and T. D. Kocher (2005)
Genetics 170, 237-244
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Phylogeny of Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX) genes from genomic data identifies new gene duplications and a new family member in fish species.
C. R. Marshall, J. A. Fox, S. L. Butland, B. F. F. Ouellette, F. S. L. Brinkman, and G. F. Tibbits (2005)
Physiol Genomics 21, 161-173
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Using shared genomic synteny and shared protein functions to enhance the identification of orthologous gene pairs.
X. H. Zheng, F. Lu, Z.-Y. Wang, F. Zhong, J. Hoover, and R. Mural (2005)
Bioinformatics 21, 703-710
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Prediction of Nuclear Hormone Receptor Response Elements.
A. Sandelin and W. W. Wasserman (2005)
Mol. Endocrinol. 19, 595-606
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Naturally occurring antisense: Transcriptional leakage or real overlap?.
D. Dahary, O. Elroy-Stein, and R. Sorek (2005)
Genome Res. 15, 364-368
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Comparative sequencing provides insights about the structure and conservation of marsupial and monotreme genomes.
E. H. Margulies, NISC Comparative Sequencing Program, V. V. B. Maduro, P. J. Thomas, J. P. Tomkins, C. T. Amemiya, M. Luo, and E. D. Green (2005)
PNAS 102, 3354-3359
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Protein coding potential of retroviruses and other transposable elements in vertebrate genomes.
E. M. Zdobnov, Món. Campillos, E. D. Harrington, D. Torrents, and P. Bork (2005)
Nucleic Acids Res. 33, 946-954
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Genomic insights that advance the species definition for prokaryotes.
K. T. Konstantinidis and J. M. Tiedje (2005)
PNAS 102, 2567-2572
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Functional Isolation of Novel Nuclear Proteins Showing a Variety of Subnuclear Localizations.
K. Moriguchi, T. Suzuki, Y. Ito, Y. Yamazaki, Y. Niwa, and N. Kurata (2005)
PLANT CELL 17, 389-403
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »


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