Note to users. If you're seeing this message, it means that your browser cannot find this page's style/presentation instructions -- or possibly that you are using a browser that does not support current Web standards. Find out more about why this message is appearing, and what you can do to make your experience of our site the best it can be.
Science Careers Booklet

Site Tools

  • AAAS
  • Subscribe
  • Feedback

Site Search

Search Advanced

Science 28 June 2002:
Vol. 296. no. 5577, pp. 2376 - 2379
DOI: 10.1126/science.1071278
Prev | Table of Contents | Next

Reports

50 Million Years of Genomic Stasis in Endosymbiotic Bacteria

Ivica Tamas,1* Lisa Klasson,1* Björn Canbäck,1 A. Kristina Näslund,1 Ann-Sofie Eriksson,1 Jennifer J. Wernegreen,2 Jonas P. Sandström,1 Nancy A. Moran,2 Siv G. E. Andersson1dagger

Comparison of two fully sequenced genomes of Buchnera aphidicola, the obligate endosymbionts of aphids, reveals the most extreme genome stability to date: no chromosome rearrangements or gene acquisitions have occurred in the past 50 to 70 million years, despite substantial sequence evolution and the inactivation and loss of individual genes. In contrast, the genomes of their closest free-living relatives, Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp., are more than 2000-fold more labile in content and gene order. The genomic stasis of B. aphidicola, likely attributable to the loss of phages, repeated sequences, and recA, indicates that B. aphidicola is no longer a source of ecological innovation for its hosts.

1 Department of Molecular Evolution, Evolutionary Biology Center, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden.
2 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
*   These authors contributed equally to this work.

dagger    To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: Siv.Andersson{at}ebc.uu.se

Read the Full Text


THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES:
The Striking Case of Tryptophan Provision in the Cedar Aphid Cinara cedri.
M. J. Gosalbes, A. Lamelas, A. Moya, and A. Latorre (2008)
J. Bacteriol. 190, 6026-6029
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Intense Transpositional Activity of Insertion Sequences in an Ancient Obligate Endosymbiont.
R. Cordaux, S. Pichon, A. Ling, P. Perez, C. Delaunay, F. Vavre, D. Bouchon, and P. Greve (2008)
Mol. Biol. Evol. 25, 1889-1896
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Evolution of the Flagellar Assembly Pathway in Endosymbiotic Bacterial Genomes.
C. Toft and M. A. Fares (2008)
Mol. Biol. Evol. 25, 2069-2076
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Evolution of the Secondary Symbiont "Candidatus Serratia symbiotica" in Aphid Species of the Subfamily Lachninae.
A. Lamelas, V. Perez-Brocal, L. Gomez-Valero, M. J. Gosalbes, A. Moya, and A. Latorre (2008)
Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 74, 4236-4240
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Genome Sequence of Thermofilum pendens Reveals an Exceptional Loss of Biosynthetic Pathways without Genome Reduction.
I. Anderson, J. Rodriguez, D. Susanti, I. Porat, C. Reich, L. E. Ulrich, J. G. Elkins, K. Mavromatis, A. Lykidis, E. Kim, et al. (2008)
J. Bacteriol. 190, 2957-2965
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Nucleomorph genome of Hemiselmis andersenii reveals complete intron loss and compaction as a driver of protein structure and function.
C. E. Lane, K. van den Heuvel, C. Kozera, B. A. Curtis, B. J. Parsons, S. Bowman, and J. M. Archibald (2007)
PNAS 104, 19908-19913
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Parallel genomic evolution and metabolic interdependence in an ancient symbiosis.
J. P. McCutcheon and N. A. Moran (2007)
PNAS 104, 19392-19397
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Lateral gene transfer between obligate intracellular bacteria: Evidence from the Rickettsia massiliae genome.
G. Blanc, H. Ogata, C. Robert, S. Audic, J.-M. Claverie, and D. Raoult (2007)
Genome Res. 17, 1657-1664
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Genomics of Actinobacteria: Tracing the Evolutionary History of an Ancient Phylum.
M. Ventura, C. Canchaya, A. Tauch, G. Chandra, G. F. Fitzgerald, K. F. Chater, and D. van Sinderen (2007)
Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 71, 495-548
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Temporal Fragmentation of Speciation in Bacteria.
A. C. Retchless and J. G. Lawrence (2007)
Science 317, 1093-1096
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Reconstructing the ancestor of Mycobacterium leprae: The dynamics of gene loss and genome reduction.
L. Gomez-Valero, E. P.C. Rocha, A. Latorre, and F. J. Silva (2007)
Genome Res. 17, 1178-1185
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Colloquium Papers: Symbiosis as an adaptive process and source of phenotypic complexity.
N. A. Moran (2007)
PNAS 104, 8627-8633
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Orientia tsutsugamushi genome reveals massive proliferation of conjugative type IV secretion system and host cell interaction genes.
N.-H. Cho, H.-R. Kim, J.-H. Lee, S.-Y. Kim, J. Kim, S. Cha, S.-Y. Kim, A. C. Darby, H.-H. Fuxelius, J. Yin, et al. (2007)
PNAS 104, 7981-7986
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Dynamics of Reductive Genome Evolution in Mitochondria and Obligate Intracellular Microbes.
A. N. Khachane, K. N. Timmis, and V. A. P. Martins dos Santos (2007)
Mol. Biol. Evol. 24, 449-456
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Different Levels of Transcriptional Regulation Due to Trophic Constraints in the Reduced Genome of Buchnera aphidicola APS.
N. Reymond, F. Calevro, J. Vinuelas, N. Morin, Y. Rahbe, G. Febvay, C. Laugier, A. Douglas, J.-M. Fayard, and H. Charles (2006)
Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 72, 7760-7766
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Evolution of the Terminal Regions of the Streptomyces Linear Chromosome.
F. Choulet, B. Aigle, A. Gallois, S. Mangenot, C. Gerbaud, C. Truong, F.-X. Francou, C. Fourrier, M. Guerineau, B. Decaris, et al. (2006)
Mol. Biol. Evol. 23, 2361-2369
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Genome Rearrangements, Deletions, and Amplifications in the Natural Population of Bartonella henselae.
H. Lindroos, O. Vinnere, A. Mira, D. Repsilber, K. Naslund, and S. G. E. Andersson (2006)
J. Bacteriol. 188, 7426-7439
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Evolutionary Origin of Xanthomonadales Genomes and the Nature of the Horizontal Gene Transfer Process.
I. Comas, A. Moya, R. K. Azad, J. G. Lawrence, and F. Gonzalez-Candelas (2006)
Mol. Biol. Evol. 23, 2049-2057
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A Small Microbial Genome: The End of a Long Symbiotic Relationship?.
V. Perez-Brocal, R. Gil, S. Ramos, A. Lamelas, M. Postigo, J. M. Michelena, F. J. Silva, A. Moya, and A. Latorre (2006)
Science 314, 312-313
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Evolution of sensory complexity recorded in a myxobacterial genome.
B. S. Goldman, W. C. Nierman, D. Kaiser, S. C. Slater, A. S. Durkin, J. A. Eisen, C. M. Ronning, W. B. Barbazuk, M. Blanchard, C. Field, et al. (2006)
PNAS 103, 15200-15205
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Comparative Genomics of Three Strains of Ehrlichia ruminantium: A Review.
R. FRUTOS, A. VIARI, C. FERRAZ, A. BENSAID, A. MORGAT, F. BOYER, E. COISSAC, N. VACHIERY, J. DEMAILLE, and D. MARTINEZ (2006)
Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1081, 417-433
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Codon usage bias and tRNA over-expression in Buchnera aphidicola after aromatic amino acid nutritional stress on its host Acyrthosiphon pisum.
H. Charles, F. Calevro, J. Vinuelas, J.-M. Fayard, and Y. Rahbe (2006)
Nucleic Acids Res. 34, 4583-4592
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Relevance of the Endosymbiosis of Blochmannia floridanus and Carpenter Ants at Different Stages of the Life Cycle of the Host.
E. Zientz, I. Beyaert, R. Gross, and H. Feldhaar (2006)
Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 72, 6027-6033
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Heritable Endosymbionts of Drosophila.
M. Mateos, S. J. Castrezana, B. J. Nankivell, A. M. Estes, T. A. Markow, and N. A. Moran (2006)
Genetics 174, 363-376
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
GRAST: a new way of genome reduction analysis using comparative genomics.
C. Toft and M. A. Fares (2006)
Bioinformatics 22, 1551-1561
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Living with genome instability: the adaptation of phytoplasmas to diverse environments of their insect and plant hosts..
X. Bai, J. Zhang, A. Ewing, S. A. Miller, A. Jancso Radek, D. V. Shevchenko, K. Tsukerman, T. Walunas, A. Lapidus, J. W. Campbell, et al. (2006)
J. Bacteriol. 188, 3682-3696
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Strong Asymmetric Mutation Bias in Endosymbiont Genomes Coincide with Loss of Genes for Replication Restart Pathways.
L. Klasson and S. G. E. Andersson (2006)
Mol. Biol. Evol. 23, 1031-1039
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Genetic Diversity of the Q Fever Agent, Coxiella burnetii, Assessed by Microarray-Based Whole-Genome Comparisons..
P. A. Beare, J. E. Samuel, D. Howe, K. Virtaneva, S. F. Porcella, and R. A. Heinzen (2006)
J. Bacteriol. 188, 2309-2324
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Comparative Genomic Analysis of Three Strains of Ehrlichia ruminantium Reveals an Active Process of Genome Size Plasticity..
R. Frutos, A. Viari, C. Ferraz, A. Morgat, S. Eychenie, Y. Kandassamy, I. Chantal, A. Bensaid, E. Coissac, N. Vachiery, et al. (2006)
J. Bacteriol. 188, 2533-2542
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Phloem-sap feeding by animals: problems and solutions.
A. E. Douglas (2006)
J. Exp. Bot. 57, 747-754
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
BuchneraBASE: a post-genomic resource for Buchnera sp. APS.
M. D. Prickett, M. Page, A. E. Douglas, and G. H. Thomas (2006)
Bioinformatics 22, 641-642
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Inference and Analysis of the Relative Stability of Bacterial Chromosomes.
E. P. C. Rocha (2006)
Mol. Biol. Evol. 23, 513-522
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Widespread Recombination Throughout Wolbachia Genomes.
L. Baldo, S. Bordenstein, J. J. Wernegreen, and J. H. Werren (2006)
Mol. Biol. Evol. 23, 437-449
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Horizontal Transfer of Bacterial Symbionts: Heritability and Fitness Effects in a Novel Aphid Host.
J. A. Russell and N. A. Moran (2005)
Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 71, 7987-7994
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Symbiosis and Insect Diversification: an Ancient Symbiont of Sap-Feeding Insects from the Bacterial Phylum Bacteroidetes.
N. A. Moran, P. Tran, and N. M. Gerardo (2005)
Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 71, 8802-8810
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Inaugural Article: The players in a mutualistic symbiosis: Insects, bacteria, viruses, and virulence genes.
N. A. Moran, P. H. Degnan, S. R. Santos, H. E. Dunbar, and H. Ochman (2005)
PNAS 102, 16919-16926
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Genome analysis of multiple pathogenic isolates of Streptococcus agalactiae: Implications for the microbial "pan-genome".
H. Tettelin, V. Masignani, M. J. Cieslewicz, C. Donati, D. Medini, N. L. Ward, S. V. Angiuoli, J. Crabtree, A. L. Jones, A. S. Durkin, et al. (2005)
PNAS 102, 13950-13955
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
New Gammaproteobacteria Associated with Blood-Feeding Leeches and a Broad Phylogenetic Analysis of Leech Endosymbionts.
S. L. Perkins, R. B. Budinoff, and M. E. Siddall (2005)
Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 71, 5219-5224
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
From The Cover: Bacterial genome size reduction by experimental evolution.
A. I. Nilsson, S. Koskiniemi, S. Eriksson, E. Kugelberg, J. C. D. Hinton, and D. I. Andersson (2005)
PNAS 102, 12112-12116
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Mosaic Nature of the Wolbachia Surface Protein.
L. Baldo, N. Lo, and J. H. Werren (2005)
J. Bacteriol. 187, 5406-5418
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Genome sequence of Blochmannia pennsylvanicus indicates parallel evolutionary trends among bacterial mutualists of insects.
P. H. Degnan, A. B. Lazarus, and J. J. Wernegreen (2005)
Genome Res. 15, 1023-1033
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Regulation of Transcription in a Reduced Bacterial Genome: Nutrient-Provisioning Genes of the Obligate Symbiont Buchnera aphidicola.
N. A. Moran, H. E. Dunbar, and J. L. Wilcox (2005)
J. Bacteriol. 187, 4229-4237
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Genome Rearrangement Distances and Gene Order Phylogeny in {gamma}-Proteobacteria.
E. Belda, A. Moya, and F. J. Silva (2005)
Mol. Biol. Evol. 22, 1456-1467
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Crystal Structure of the Flagellar Rotor Protein FliN from Thermotoga maritima.
P. N. Brown, M. A. A. Mathews, L. A. Joss, C. P. Hill, and D. F. Blair (2005)
J. Bacteriol. 187, 2890-2902
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Transcriptome analysis of the aphid bacteriocyte, the symbiotic host cell that harbors an endocellular mutualistic bacterium, Buchnera.
A. Nakabachi, S. Shigenobu, N. Sakazume, T. Shiraki, Y. Hayashizaki, P. Carninci, H. Ishikawa, T. Kudo, and T. Fukatsu (2005)
PNAS 102, 5477-5482
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Nonhomogeneous Model of Sequence Evolution Indicates Independent Origins of Primary Endosymbionts Within the Enterobacteriales ({gamma}-Proteobacteria).
J. T. Herbeck, P. H. Degnan, and J. J. Wernegreen (2005)
Mol. Biol. Evol. 22, 520-532
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Toxin-antitoxin loci are highly abundant in free-living but lost from host-associated prokaryotes.
D. P. Pandey and K. Gerdes (2005)
Nucleic Acids Res. 33, 966-976
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Simplicity and Complexity of Microsporidian Genomes.
P. J. Keeling and C. H. Slamovits (2004)
Eukaryot. Cell 3, 1363-1369
   Full Text »    PDF »
The 1.2-Megabase Genome Sequence of Mimivirus.
D. Raoult, S. Audic, C. Robert, C. Abergel, P. Renesto, H. Ogata, B. La Scola, M. Suzan, and J.-M. Claverie (2004)
Science 306, 1344-1350
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Genome reduction in prokaryotic obligatory intracellular parasites of humans: a comparative analysis.
K. R. Sakharkar, P. K. Dhar, and V. T. K. Chow (2004)
Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 54, 1937-1941
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Life History Implications of rRNA Gene Copy Number in Escherichia coli.
B. S. Stevenson and T. M. Schmidt (2004)
Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 70, 6670-6677
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Evolutionary Fate of Nonfunctional DNA in the Bacterial Endosymbiont Buchnera aphidicola.
L. Gomez-Valero, A. Latorre, and F. J. Silva (2004)
Mol. Biol. Evol. 21, 2172-2181
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Coexistence of Wolbachia with Buchnera aphidicola and a Secondary Symbiont in the Aphid Cinara cedri.
L. Gomez-Valero, M. Soriano-Navarro, V. Perez-Brocal, A. Heddi, A. Moya, J. M. Garcia-Verdugo, and A. Latorre (2004)
J. Bacteriol. 186, 6626-6633
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Bacteriophage Flux in Endosymbionts (Wolbachia): Infection Frequency, Lateral Transfer, and Recombination Rates.
S. R. Bordenstein and J. J. Wernegreen (2004)
Mol. Biol. Evol. 21, 1981-1991
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Determination of the Core of a Minimal Bacterial Gene Set.
R. Gil, F. J. Silva, J. Pereto, and A. Moya (2004)
Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 68, 518-537
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Comparative Whole-Genome Hybridization Reveals Genomic Islands in Brucella Species.
G. Rajashekara, J. D. Glasner, D. A. Glover, and G. A. Splitter (2004)
J. Bacteriol. 186, 5040-5051
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Replication of the Endosymbiotic Bacterium Blochmannia floridanus Is Correlated with the Developmental and Reproductive Stages of Its Ant Host.
F. Wolschin, B. Holldobler, R. Gross, and E. Zientz (2004)
Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 70, 4096-4102
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Identification of the thymidylate synthase within the genome of white spot syndrome virus.
Q. Li, D. Pan, J.-h. Zhang, and F. Yang (2004)
J. Gen. Virol. 85, 2035-2044
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Computational inference of scenarios for {alpha}-proteobacterial genome evolution.
B. Boussau, E. O. Karlberg, A. C. Frank, B.-A. Legault, and S. G. E. Andersson (2004)
PNAS 101, 9722-9727
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The replication-related organization of bacterial genomes.
E. P. C. Rocha (2004)
Microbiology 150, 1609-1627
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Bacterial Genomes as New Gene Homes: The Genealogy of ORFans in E. coli.
V. Daubin and H. Ochman (2004)
Genome Res. 14, 1036-1042
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A Phylogenomic Study of Endosymbiotic Bacteria.
B. Canback, I. Tamas, and S. G. E. Andersson (2004)
Mol. Biol. Evol. 21, 1110-1122
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Evolution of the Leucine Gene Cluster in Buchnera aphidicola: Insights from Chromosomal Versions of the Cluster.
B. Sabater-Munoz, R. C. H. J. van Ham, A. Moya, F. J. Silva, and A. Latorre (2004)
J. Bacteriol. 186, 2646-2654
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Transgenic Expression of RecA of the Spirochetes Borrelia burgdorferi and Borrelia hermsii in Escherichia coli Revealed Differences in DNA Repair and Recombination Phenotypes.
A. D. Putteet-Driver, J. Zhong, and A. G. Barbour (2004)
J. Bacteriol. 186, 2266-2274
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
GenoFrag: software to design primers optimized for whole genome scanning by long-range PCR amplification.
N. Ben Zakour, M. Gautier, R. Andonov, D. Lavenier, M.-F. Cochet, P. Veber, A. Sorokin, and Y. Le Loir (2004)
Nucleic Acids Res. 32, 17-24
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Mutational and Selective Pressures on Codon and Amino Acid Usage in Buchnera, Endosymbiotic Bacteria of Aphids.
C. Rispe, F. Delmotte, R. C.H.J. van Ham, and A. Moya (2004)
Genome Res. 14, 44-53
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A Conservative Test of Genetic Drift in the Endosymbiotic Bacterium Buchnera: Slightly Deleterious Mutations in the Chaperonin groEL.
J. T. Herbeck, D. J. Funk, P. H. Degnan, and J. J. Wernegreen (2003)
Genetics 165, 1651-1660
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A genomic perspective on nutrient provisioning by bacterial symbionts of insects.
N. A. Moran, G. R. Plague, J. P. Sandstrom, and J. L. Wilcox (2003)
PNAS 100, 14543-14548
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Comparative Genomics of Insect-Symbiotic Bacteria: Influence of Host Environment on Microbial Genome Composition.
R. V. M. Rio, C. Lefevre, A. Heddi, and S. Aksoy (2003)
Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 69, 6825-6832
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The genome of Nanoarchaeum equitans: Insights into early archaeal evolution and derived parasitism.
E. Waters, M. J. Hohn, I. Ahel, D. E. Graham, M. D. Adams, M. Barnstead, K. Y. Beeson, L. Bibbs, R. Bolanos, M. Keller, et al. (2003)
PNAS 100, 12984-12988
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Increased Rates of Sequence Evolution in Endosymbiotic Bacteria and Fungi with Small Effective Population Sizes.
M. Woolfit and L. Bromham (2003)
Mol. Biol. Evol. 20, 1545-1555
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The genome sequence of Blochmannia floridanus: Comparative analysis of reduced genomes.
R. Gil, F. J. Silva, E. Zientz, F. Delmotte, F. Gonzalez-Candelas, A. Latorre, C. Rausell, J. Kamerbeek, J. Gadau, B. Holldobler, et al. (2003)
PNAS 100, 9388-9393
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Associations Between Inverted Repeats and the Structural Evolution of Bacterial Genomes.
G. Achaz, E. Coissac, P. Netter, and E. P. C. Rocha (2003)
Genetics 164, 1279-1289
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Loss of DNA Recombinational Repair Enzymes in the Initial Stages of Genome Degeneration.
C. Dale, B. Wang, N. Moran, and H. Ochman (2003)
Mol. Biol. Evol. 20, 1188-1194
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
An Appraisal of the Potential for Illegitimate Recombination in Bacterial Genomes and Its Consequences: From Duplications to Genome Reduction.
E. P.C. Rocha (2003)
Genome Res. 13, 1123-1132
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Energy-Generating Enzymes of Burkholderia cepacia and Their Interactions with Macrophages.
V. Punj, R. Sharma, O. Zaborina, and A. M. Chakrabarty (2003)
J. Bacteriol. 185, 3167-3178
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Complete genome sequence of the Q-fever pathogen Coxiellaburnetii.
R. Seshadri, I. T. Paulsen, J. A. Eisen, T. D. Read, K. E. Nelson, W. C. Nelson, N. L. Ward, H. Tettelin, T. M. Davidsen, M. J. Beanan, et al. (2003)
PNAS 100, 5455-5460
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Coupling of Bacterial Endosymbiont and Host Mitochondrial Genomes in the Hydrothermal Vent Clam Calyptogena magnifica.
L. A. Hurtado, M. Mateos, R. A. Lutz, and R. C. Vrijenhoek (2003)
Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 69, 2058-2064
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Genome Evolution in an Insect Cell: Distinct Features of an Ant-Bacterial Partnership.
J. J. Wernegreen, P. H. Degnan, A. B. Lazarus, C. Palacios, and S. R. Bordenstein (2003)
Biol. Bull. 204, 221-231
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Reductive genome evolution in Buchnera aphidicola.
R. C. H. J. van Ham, J. Kamerbeek, C. Palacios, C. Rausell, F. Abascal, U. Bastolla, J. M. Fernandez, L. Jimenez, M. Postigo, F. J. Silva, et al. (2003)
PNAS 100, 581-586
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Comparative genome analysis of the alpha -proteobacteria: Relationships between plant and animal pathogens and host specificity.
R. M. Tsolis (2002)
PNAS 99, 12503-12505
   Full Text »    PDF »
Acceleration of genomic evolution caused by enhanced mutation rate in endocellular symbionts.
T. Itoh, W. Martin, and M. Nei (2002)
PNAS 99, 12944-12948
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »


ADVERTISEMENT
Click Me!

ADVERTISEMENT
Click Me!

To Advertise     Find Products

Science. ISSN 0036-8075 (print), 1095-9203 (online)

AAAS Logo HWP Logo