Note to users. If you're seeing this message, it means that your browser cannot find this page's style/presentation instructions -- or possibly that you are using a browser that does not support current Web standards. Find out more about why this message is appearing, and what you can do to make your experience of our site the best it can be.

Originally published in Science Express on 16 May 2002
Science 7 June 2002:
Vol. 296. no. 5574, pp. 1869 - 1873
DOI: 10.1126/science.1070051
Prev | Table of Contents | Next

Reports

Two-Photon Imaging of Lymphocyte Motility and Antigen Response in Intact Lymph Node

Mark J. Miller,1 Sindy H. Wei,1 Ian Parker,2* Michael D. Cahalan1*dagger

Lymphocyte motility is vital for trafficking within lymphoid organs and for initiating contact with antigen-presenting cells. Visualization of these processes has previously been limited to in vitro systems. We describe the use of two-photon laser microscopy to image the dynamic behavior of individual living lymphocytes deep within intact lymph nodes. In their native environment, T cells achieved peak velocities of more than 25 micrometers per minute, displaying a motility coefficient that is five to six times that of B cells. Antigenic challenge changed T cell trajectories from random walks to "swarms" and stable clusters. Real-time two-photon imaging reveals lymphocyte behaviors that are fundamental to the initiation of the immune response.

1 Department of Physiology and Biophysics,
2 Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-4561, USA.
*   These authors contributed equally to this work.

dagger    To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: mcahalan{at}uci.edu

Read the Full Text


THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES:
TLR4 signaling augments B lymphocyte migration and overcomes the restriction that limits access to germinal center dark zones.
I.-Y. Hwang, C. Park, K. Harrison, and J. H. Kehrl (2009)
J. Exp. Med. 206, 2641-2657
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
CCL21 mediates CD4+ T-cell costimulation via a DOCK2/Rac-dependent pathway.
K. Gollmer, F. Asperti-Boursin, Y. Tanaka, K. Okkenhaug, B. Vanhaesebroeck, J. R. Peterson, Y. Fukui, E. Donnadieu, and J. V. Stein (2009)
Blood 114, 580-588
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Modular Design of Immunological Synapses and Kinapses.
M. L. Dustin (2009)
Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 1, a002873
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Visualizing Immune System Complexity.
M. L. Dustin (2009)
Science Signaling 2, mr4
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Integrins in immunity.
R. Evans, I. Patzak, L. Svensson, K. De Filippo, K. Jones, A. McDowall, and N. Hogg (2009)
J. Cell Sci. 122, 215-225
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A high-mobility, low-cost phenotype defines human effector-memory CD8+ T cells.
G. Zenhaeusern, P. Gubser, P. Eisele, O. Gasser, A. Steinhuber, A. Trampuz, C. Handschin, A. D. Luster, and C. Hess (2009)
Blood 113, 95-99
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Asymmetric Division and Stem Cell Renewal without a Permanent Niche: Lessons from Lymphocytes.
J.T. Chang and S.L. Reiner (2008)
Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol
   Abstract »    PDF »
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope gp120 Induces a Stop Signal and Virological Synapse Formation in Noninfected CD4+ T Cells.
G. Vasiliver-Shamis, M. Tuen, T. W. Wu, T. Starr, T. O. Cameron, R. Thomson, G. Kaur, J. Liu, M. L. Visciano, H. Li, et al. (2008)
J. Virol. 82, 9445-9457
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
CD56bright cells increase expression of {alpha}4 integrin at ovulation in fertile cycles.
C. G. Peralta, V. K. Han, J. Horrocks, B. A. Croy, and M. J. van den Heuvel (2008)
J. Leukoc. Biol. 84, 1065-1074
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Fibroblastic Reticular Cells Guide T Lymphocyte Entry into and Migration within the Splenic T Cell Zone.
M. Bajenoff, N. Glaichenhaus, and R. N. Germain (2008)
J. Immunol. 181, 3947-3954
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
How Antigen Quantity and Quality Determine T-Cell Decisions in Lymphoid Tissue.
H. Zheng, B. Jin, S. E. Henrickson, A. S. Perelson, U. H. von Andrian, and A. K. Chakraborty (2008)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 28, 4040-4051
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Mechanisms of organogenesis of primary lymphoid follicles.
T. Beyer and M. Meyer-Hermann (2008)
Int. Immunol. 20, 615-623
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Prevention of acute graft-versus-host disease by blocking T-cell entry to secondary lymphoid organs.
A. Beilhack, S. Schulz, J. Baker, G. F. Beilhack, R. Nishimura, E. M. Baker, G. Landan, E. I. Herman, E. C. Butcher, C. H. Contag, et al. (2008)
Blood 111, 2919-2928
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Lymphoma dissemination: the other face of lymphocyte homing.
S. T. Pals, D. J. J. de Gorter, and M. Spaargaren (2007)
Blood 110, 3102-3111
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
In Situ Imaging of the Endogenous CD8 T Cell Response to Infection.
K. M. Khanna, J. T. McNamara, and L. Lefrancois (2007)
Science 318, 116-120
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Adhesion and Degranulation-Promoting Adapter Protein (ADAP) Positively Regulates T Cell Sensitivity to Antigen and T Cell Survival.
K. L. Mueller, M. S. Thomas, B. J. Burbach, E. J. Peterson, and Y. Shimizu (2007)
J. Immunol. 179, 3559-3569
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Naive B cells generate regulatory T cells in the presence of a mature immunologic synapse.
P. Reichardt, B. Dornbach, S. Rong, S. Beissert, F. Gueler, K. Loser, and M. Gunzer (2007)
Blood 110, 1519-1529
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Class IA Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase Modulates Basal Lymphocyte Motility in the Lymph Node.
M. P. Matheu, J. A. Deane, I. Parker, D. A. Fruman, and M. D. Cahalan (2007)
J. Immunol. 179, 2261-2269
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Ca2+ Signals in CD4+ T Cells during Early Contacts with Antigen-Bearing Dendritic Cells in Lymph Node.
S. H. Wei, O. Safrina, Y. Yu, K. R. Garrod, M. D. Cahalan, and I. Parker (2007)
J. Immunol. 179, 1586-1594
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Natural killer cells actively patrol peripheral lymph nodes forming stable conjugates to eliminate MHC-mismatched targets.
K. R. Garrod, S. H. Wei, I. Parker, and M. D. Cahalan (2007)
PNAS 104, 12081-12086
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Impaired Trafficking of Gnai2+/- and Gnai2-/- T Lymphocytes: Implications for T Cell Movement within Lymph Nodes.
I.-Y. Hwang, C. Park, and J. H. Kehrl (2007)
J. Immunol. 179, 439-448
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Requirements for T Lymphocyte Migration in Explanted Lymph Nodes.
J. H. Huang, L. I. Cardenas-Navia, C. C. Caldwell, T. J. Plumb, C. G. Radu, P. N. Rocha, T. Wilder, J. S. Bromberg, B. N. Cronstein, M. Sitkovsky, et al. (2007)
J. Immunol. 178, 7747-7755
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Characterizing T Cell Movement within Lymph Nodes in the Absence of Antigen.
C. Beauchemin, N. M. Dixit, and A. S. Perelson (2007)
J. Immunol. 178, 5505-5512
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
MHC class II deprivation impairs CD4 T cell motility and responsiveness to antigen-bearing dendritic cells in vivo.
U. B. Fischer, E. L. Jacovetty, R. B. Medeiros, B. D. Goudy, T. Zell, J.-B. Swanson, E. Lorenz, Y. Shimizu, M. J. Miller, A. Khoruts, et al. (2007)
PNAS 104, 7181-7186
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Lymph node topology dictates T cell migration behavior.
J. B. Beltman, A. F.M. Maree, J. N. Lynch, M. J. Miller, and R. J. de Boer (2007)
J. Exp. Med. 204, 771-780
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Asymmetric T Lymphocyte Division in the Initiation of Adaptive Immune Responses.
J. T. Chang, V. R. Palanivel, I. Kinjyo, F. Schambach, A. M. Intlekofer, A. Banerjee, S. A. Longworth, K. E. Vinup, P. Mrass, J. Oliaro, et al. (2007)
Science 315, 1687-1691
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
CCR7 ligands stimulate the intranodal motility of T lymphocytes in vivo.
T. Worbs, T. R. Mempel, J. Bolter, U. H. von Andrian, and R. Forster (2007)
J. Exp. Med. 204, 489-495
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A central role for DOCK2 during interstitial lymphocyte motility and sphingosine-1-phosphate-mediated egress.
C. Nombela-Arrieta, T. R. Mempel, S. F. Soriano, I. Mazo, M. P. Wymann, E. Hirsch, C. Martinez-A., Y. Fukui, U. H. von Andrian, and J. V. Stein (2007)
J. Exp. Med. 204, 497-510
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Competition for antigen determines the stability of T cell-dendritic cell interactions during clonal expansion.
Z. Garcia, E. Pradelli, S. Celli, H. Beuneu, A. Simon, and P. Bousso (2007)
PNAS 104, 4553-4558
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
CC Chemokine Receptor 7 Contributes to Gi-Dependent T Cell Motility in the Lymph Node.
T. Okada and J. G. Cyster (2007)
J. Immunol. 178, 2973-2978
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
In vivo imaging of cytotoxic T cell infiltration and elimination of a solid tumor.
A. Boissonnas, L. Fetler, I. S. Zeelenberg, S. Hugues, and S. Amigorena (2007)
J. Exp. Med. 204, 345-356
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Th1 cell adjuvant therapy combined with tumor vaccination: a novel strategy for promoting CTL responses while avoiding the accumulation of Tregs.
Y. Zhang, D. Wakita, K. Chamoto, Y. Narita, N. Matsubara, H. Kitamura, and T. Nishimura (2007)
Int. Immunol. 19, 151-161
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Instant effect of soluble antigen on effector T cells in peripheral immune organs during immunotherapy of autoimmune encephalomyelitis.
F. Odoardi, N. Kawakami, Z. Li, C. Cordiglieri, K. Streyl, M. Nosov, W. E. F. Klinkert, J. W. Ellwart, J. Bauer, H. Lassmann, et al. (2007)
PNAS 104, 920-925
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Multiphoton Fluorescence and Second Harmonic Generation Imaging of the Structural Alterations in Keratoconus Ex Vivo.
H.-Y. Tan, Y. Sun, W. Lo, S.-J. Lin, C.-H. Hsiao, Y.-F. Chen, S. C.-M. Huang, W.-C. Lin, S.-H. Jee, H.-S. Yu, et al. (2006)
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 47, 5251-5259
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Random migration precedes stable target cell interactions of tumor-infiltrating T cells.
P. Mrass, H. Takano, L. G. Ng, S. Daxini, M. O. Lasaro, A. Iparraguirre, L. L. Cavanagh, U. H. von Andrian, H. C.J. Ertl, P. G. Haydon, et al. (2006)
J. Exp. Med. 203, 2749-2761
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Analyses of TCR clustering at the T cell-antigen-presenting cell interface and its impact on the activation of naive CD4+ T cells.
S. Pastor, C. G. Vaccaro, A. Minguela, R. J. Ober, and E. S. Ward (2006)
Int. Immunol. 18, 1615-1625
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Reversal of the TCR Stop Signal by CTLA-4.
H. Schneider, J. Downey, A. Smith, B. H. Zinselmeyer, C. Rush, J. M. Brewer, B. Wei, N. Hogg, P. Garside, and C. E. Rudd (2006)
Science 313, 1972-1975
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Homeostatic Lymphoid Chemokines Synergize with Adhesion Ligands to Trigger T and B Lymphocyte Chemokinesis.
A. N. Stachowiak, Y. Wang, Y.-C. Huang, and D. J. Irvine (2006)
J. Immunol. 177, 2340-2348
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Immunological synapse arrays: Patterned protein surfaces that modulate immunological synapse structure formation in T cells.
J. Doh and D. J. Irvine (2006)
PNAS 103, 5700-5705
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Natural killer cell behavior in lymph nodes revealed by static and real-time imaging.
M. Bajenoff, B. Breart, A. Y.C. Huang, H. Qi, J. Cazareth, V. M. Braud, R. N. Germain, and N. Glaichenhaus (2006)
J. Exp. Med. 203, 619-631
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Multiphoton autofluorescence and second-harmonic generation imaging of the ex vivo porcine eye..
S.-W. Teng, H.-Y. Tan, J.-L. Peng, H.-H. Lin, K. H. Kim, W. Lo, Y. Sun, W.-C. Lin, S.-J. Lin, S.-H. Jee, et al. (2006)
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 47, 1216-1224
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
An indispensable role of type-1 IFNs for inducing CTL-mediated complete eradication of established tumor tissue by CpG-liposome co-encapsulated with model tumor antigen.
D. Wakita, K. Chamoto, Y. Zhang, Y. Narita, D. Noguchi, H. Ohnishi, T. Iguchi, T. Sakai, H. Ikeda, and T. Nishimura (2006)
Int. Immunol. 18, 425-434
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
An Essential Role of Antigen-Presenting Cell/T-Helper Type 1 Cell-Cell Interactions in Draining Lymph Node during Complete Eradication of Class II-Negative Tumor Tissue by T-Helper Type 1 Cell Therapy.
K. Chamoto, D. Wakita, Y. Narita, Y. Zhang, D. Noguchi, H. Ohnishi, T. Iguchi, T. Sakai, H. Ikeda, and T. Nishimura (2006)
Cancer Res. 66, 1809-1817
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Innate control of adaptive immunity via remodeling of lymph node feed arteriole.
K. A. Soderberg, G. W. Payne, A. Sato, R. Medzhitov, S. S. Segal, and A. Iwasaki (2005)
PNAS 102, 16315-16320
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
CD4 T cells integrate signals delivered during successive DC encounters in vivo.
S. Celli, Z. Garcia, and P. Bousso (2005)
J. Exp. Med. 202, 1271-1278
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDC) are the major DC subset innately producing cytokines in human lymph nodes.
K. Cox, M. North, M. Burke, H. Singhal, S. Renton, N. Aqel, S. Islam, and S. C. Knight (2005)
J. Leukoc. Biol. 78, 1142-1152
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The S1P-analog FTY720 differentially modulates T-cell homing via HEV: T-cell-expressed S1P1 amplifies integrin activation in peripheral lymph nodes but not in Peyer patches.
C. Halin, M. L. Scimone, R. Bonasio, J.-M. Gauguet, T. R. Mempel, E. Quackenbush, R. L. Proia, S. Mandala, and U. H. von Andrian (2005)
Blood 106, 1314-1322
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Importance of integrin LFA-1 deactivation for the generation of immune responses.
M. Semmrich, A. Smith, C. Feterowski, S. Beer, B. Engelhardt, D. H. Busch, B. Bartsch, M. Laschinger, N. Hogg, K. Pfeffer, et al. (2005)
J. Exp. Med. 201, 1987-1998
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
In situ characterization of CD4+ T cell behavior in mucosal and systemic lymphoid tissues during the induction of oral priming and tolerance.
B. H. Zinselmeyer, J. Dempster, A. M. Gurney, D. Wokosin, M. Miller, H. Ho, O. R. Millington, K. M. Smith, C. M. Rush, I. Parker, et al. (2005)
J. Exp. Med. 201, 1815-1823
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
T Cells in G1 Provide a Memory-Like Response to Secondary Stimulation.
I. Munitic, P. E. Ryan, and J. D. Ashwell (2005)
J. Immunol. 174, 4010-4018
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Development of a Sodium/Iodide Symporter (NIS)-Transgenic Mouse for Imaging of Cardiomyocyte-Specific Reporter Gene Expression.
J. H. Kang, D. S. Lee, J. C. Paeng, J. S. Lee, Y. H. Kim, Y. J. Lee, D. W. Hwang, J. M. Jeong, S. M. Lim, J.-K. Chung, et al. (2005)
J. Nucl. Med. 46, 479-483
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Cutting Edge: Back to "One-Way" Germinal Centers.
M. E. Meyer-Hermann and P. K. Maini (2005)
J. Immunol. 174, 2489-2493
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Naive, Effector, and Memory T Lymphocytes Efficiently Scan Dendritic Cells In Vivo: Contact Frequency in T Cell Zones of Secondary Lymphoid Organs Does Not Depend on LFA-1 Expression and Facilitates Survival of Effector T Cells.
J. Westermann, U. Bode, A. Sahle, U. Speck, N. Karin, E. B. Bell, K. Kalies, and A. Gebert (2005)
J. Immunol. 174, 2517-2524
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Two phases of zymogen granule lifetime in mouse pancreas: ghost granules linger after exocytosis of contents.
P. Thorn and I. Parker (2005)
J. Physiol. 563, 433-442
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Movies, measurement, and modeling: the three Ms of mechanistic immunology.
C. Witt, S. Raychaudhuri, and A. K. Chakraborty (2005)
J. Exp. Med. 201, 501-504
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Peptide-Specific Intercellular Transfer of MHC Class II to CD4+ T Cells Directly from the Immunological Synapse upon Cellular Dissociation.
S. A. Wetzel, T. W. McKeithan, and D. C. Parker (2005)
J. Immunol. 174, 80-89
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Two-Photon Microscopy of Cells and Tissue.
M. Rubart (2004)
Circ. Res. 95, 1154-1166
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Following Immunization Antigen Becomes Concentrated in a Limited Number of APCs Including B Cells.
C. A. Byersdorfer, R. J. DiPaolo, S. J. Petzold, and E. R. Unanue (2004)
J. Immunol. 173, 6627-6634
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A spectrum of biophysical interaction modes between T cells and different antigen-presenting cells during priming in 3-D collagen and in vivo.
M. Gunzer, C. Weishaupt, A. Hillmer, Y. Basoglu, P. Friedl, K. E. Dittmar, W. Kolanus, G. Varga, and S. Grabbe (2004)
Blood 104, 2801-2809
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Manipulating dendritic cell biology for the active immunotherapy of cancer.
D. W. O'Neill, S. Adams, and N. Bhardwaj (2004)
Blood 104, 2235-2246
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Imaging the Single Cell Dynamics of CD4+ T Cell Activation by Dendritic Cells in Lymph Nodes.
M. J. Miller, O. Safrina, I. Parker, and M. D. Cahalan (2004)
J. Exp. Med. 200, 847-856
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Strong and Durable TCR Clustering at the T/Dendritic Cell Immune Synapse Is Not Required for NFAT Activation and IFN-{gamma} Production in Human CD4+ T Cells.
N. Blanchard, M. Decraene, K. Yang, F. Miro-Mur, S. Amigorena, and C. Hivroz (2004)
J. Immunol. 173, 3062-3072
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Cutting Edge: Membrane Nanotubes Connect Immune Cells.
B. Onfelt, S. Nedvetzki, K. Yanagi, and D. M. Davis (2004)
J. Immunol. 173, 1511-1513
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Antigen-Specific Lymphocyte Sequestration in Lymphoid Organs: Lack of Essential Roles for {alpha}L and {alpha}4 Integrin-Dependent Adhesion or G{alpha}i Protein-Coupled Receptor Signaling.
C. N. Arnold, E. C. Butcher, and D. J. Campbell (2004)
J. Immunol. 173, 866-873
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Immature Dendritic Cells (DCs) Use Chemokines and Intercellular Adhesion Molecule (ICAM)-1, But Not DC-Specific ICAM-3-Grabbing Nonintegrin, to Stimulate CD4+ T Cells in the Absence of Exogenous Antigen.
E. Real, A. Kaiser, G. Raposo, A. Amara, A. Nardin, A. Trautmann, and E. Donnadieu (2004)
J. Immunol. 173, 50-60
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Zymogen granule exocytosis is characterized by long fusion pore openings and preservation of vesicle lipid identity.
P. Thorn, K. E. Fogarty, and I. Parker (2004)
PNAS 101, 6774-6779
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Direct Impact of T Cells on Neurons Revealed by Two-Photon Microscopy in Living Brain Tissue.
R. Nitsch, E. E. Pohl, A. Smorodchenko, C. Infante-Duarte, O. Aktas, and F. Zipp (2004)
J. Neurosci. 24, 2458-2464
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
IL-4-mediated inhibition of IFN-{gamma} production by CD4+ T cells proceeds by several developmentally regulated mechanisms.
O. Wurtz, M. Bajenoff, and S. Guerder (2004)
Int. Immunol. 16, 501-508
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The spreading of B lymphocytes induced by CD44 cross-linking requires actin, tubulin, and vimentin rearrangements.
A. Sumoza-Toledo and L. Santos-Argumedo (2004)
J. Leukoc. Biol. 75, 233-239
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
T cell repertoire scanning is promoted by dynamic dendritic cell behavior and random T cell motility in the lymph node.
M. J. Miller, A. S. Hejazi, S. H. Wei, M. D. Cahalan, and I. Parker (2004)
PNAS 101, 998-1003
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The {alpha}1{beta}1 and {alpha}E{beta}7 Integrins Define a Subset of Dendritic Cells in Peripheral Lymph Nodes with Unique Adhesive and Antigen Uptake Properties.
J. T. Pribila, A. A. Itano, K. L. Mueller, and Y. Shimizu (2004)
J. Immunol. 172, 282-291
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Dendritic Cell Maturation Controls Adhesion, Synapse Formation, and the Duration of the Interactions with Naive T Lymphocytes.
F. Benvenuti, C. Lagaudriere-Gesbert, I. Grandjean, C. Jancic, C. Hivroz, A. Trautmann, O. Lantz, and S. Amigorena (2004)
J. Immunol. 172, 292-301
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Amoeboid shape change and contact guidance: T-lymphocyte crawling through fibrillar collagen is independent of matrix remodeling by MMPs and other proteases.
K. Wolf, R. Muller, S. Borgmann, Eva.-B. Brocker, and P. Friedl (2003)
Blood 102, 3262-3269
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Coordinate Regulation of Lymphocyte-Endothelial Interactions by Pregnancy-Associated Hormones.
S. Chantakru, W.-C. Wang, M. van den Heuvel, S. Bashar, A. Simpson, Q. Chen, B. A. Croy, and S. S. Evans (2003)
J. Immunol. 171, 4011-4019
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Strategy of T Cell Antigen-presenting Cell Encounter in Antigen-draining Lymph Nodes Revealed by Imaging of Initial T Cell Activation.
M. Bajenoff, S. Granjeaud, and S. Guerder (2003)
J. Exp. Med. 198, 715-724
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Shrinking the Biologic World--Nanobiotechnologies for Toxicology.
T. J. Zieziulewicz, D. W. Unfricht, N. Hadjout, M. A. Lynes, and D. A. Lawrence (2003)
Toxicol. Sci. 74, 235-244
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Cutting Edge: T Lymphocyte Activation by Repeated Immunological Synapse Formation and Intermittent Signaling.
M. Faroudi, R. Zaru, P. Paulet, S. Muller, and S. Valitutti (2003)
J. Immunol. 171, 1128-1132
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
T Cell-Dendritic Cell Interaction in Vivo: Random Encounters Favor Development of Long-Lasting Ties.
O. Acuto (2003)
Sci. STKE 2003, pe28
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Restricted Clonal Expression of IL-2 By Naive T Cells Reflects Differential Dynamic Interactions with Dendritic Cells.
V. Hurez, A. Saparov, A. Tousson, M. J. Fuller, T. Kubo, J. Oliver, B. T. Weaver, and C. T. Weaver (2003)
J. Exp. Med. 198, 123-132
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Autonomous T cell trafficking examined in vivo with intravital two-photon microscopy.
M. J. Miller, S. H. Wei, M. D. Cahalan, and I. Parker (2003)
PNAS 100, 2604-2609
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Dynamic Changes During the Immune Response in T Cell-Antigen-presenting Cell Clusters Isolated from Lymph Nodes.
M. Hommel and B. Kyewski (2003)
J. Exp. Med. 197, 269-280
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Antigen Presentation by Dendritic Cells In Vivo.
E. Mougneau, S. Hugues, and N. Glaichenhaus (2002)
J. Exp. Med. 196, 1013-1016
   Full Text »    PDF »


To Advertise     Find Products

Science. ISSN 0036-8075 (print), 1095-9203 (online)