Note to users. If you're seeing this message, it means that your browser cannot find this page's style/presentation instructions -- or possibly that you are using a browser that does not support current Web standards. Find out more about why this message is appearing, and what you can do to make your experience of our site the best it can be.

Science 31 May 2002:
Vol. 296. no. 5573, pp. 1646 - 1647
DOI: 10.1126/science.1071809
Prev | Table of Contents | Next

Viewpoint

Signal Transduction by the TGF-beta Superfamily

Liliana Attisano,1 Jeffrey L. Wrana23

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta ) superfamily members regulate a plethora of developmental processes, and disruption of their activity has been implicated in a variety of human diseases ranging from cancer to chondrodysplasias and pulmonary hypertension. Intense investigations have revealed that SMAD proteins constitute the basic components of the core intracellular signaling cascade and that SMADs function by carrying signals from the cell surface directly to the nucleus. Recent insights have revealed how SMAD proteins themselves are regulated and how appropriate subcellular localization of SMADs and TGF-beta transmembrane receptors is controlled. Current research efforts investigating the contribution of SMAD-independent pathways promise to reveal advances to enhance our understanding of the signaling cascade.

1 Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology,
2 Department of Medical Genetics and Microbiology, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 1A8, Canada.
3 Program in Molecular Biology and Cancer, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto M5G 1X5, Canada. E-mail: liliana.attisano{at}utoronto.ca (L.A.) and wrana{at}mshri.on.ca (J.L.W.)

Read the Full Text


THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES:
Autoimmune pancreatitis results from loss of TGF{beta} signalling in S100A4-positive dendritic cells.
C S Boomershine, A Chamberlain, P Kendall, A-R Afshar-Sharif, H Huang, M K Washington, W E Lawson, J W Thomas, T S Blackwell, and N A Bhowmick (2009)
Gut 58, 1267-1274
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Tumor Necrosis Factor-Receptor-associated Factor-4 Is a Positive Regulator of Transforming Growth Factor-{beta} Signaling That Affects Neural Crest Formation.
T. Kalkan, Y. Iwasaki, C. Y. Park, and G. H. Thomsen (2009)
Mol. Biol. Cell 20, 3436-3450
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Four-and-a-half LIM Domain Protein 2 Regulates Vascular Smooth Muscle Phenotype and Vascular Tone.
N. A. Neuman, S. Ma, G. R. Schnitzler, Y. Zhu, G. Lagna, and A. Hata (2009)
J. Biol. Chem. 284, 13202-13212
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Transforming Growth Factor-{beta}/Smad3 Signaling Regulates Insulin Gene Transcription and Pancreatic Islet {beta}-Cell Function.
H.-M. Lin, J.-H. Lee, H. Yadav, A. K. Kamaraju, E. Liu, D. Zhigang, A. Vieira, S.-J. Kim, H. Collins, F. Matschinsky, et al. (2009)
J. Biol. Chem. 284, 12246-12257
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
SCUBE2 Suppresses Breast Tumor Cell Proliferation and Confers a Favorable Prognosis in Invasive Breast Cancer.
C.-J. Cheng, Y.-C. Lin, M.-T. Tsai, C.-S. Chen, M.-C. Hsieh, C.-L. Chen, and R.-B. Yang (2009)
Cancer Res. 69, 3634-3641
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Receptor expression modulates the specificity of transforming growth factor-beta signaling pathways..
M. Murakami, H. Kawachi, K. Ogawa, Y. Nishino, and M. Funaba (2009)
Genes Cells 14, 469-482
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
FoxL2 and Smad3 Coordinately Regulate Follistatin Gene Transcription.
A. L. Blount, K. Schmidt, N. J. Justice, W. W. Vale, W. H. Fischer, and L. M. Bilezikjian (2009)
J. Biol. Chem. 284, 7631-7645
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Different Domains Regulate Homomeric and Heteromeric Complex Formation among Type I and Type II Transforming Growth Factor-{beta} Receptors.
M. M. Rechtman, A. Nakaryakov, K. E. Shapira, M. Ehrlich, and Y. I. Henis (2009)
J. Biol. Chem. 284, 7843-7852
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Identification and functional characterization of NODAL rare variants in heterotaxy and isolated cardiovascular malformations.
B. Mohapatra, B. Casey, H. Li, T. Ho-Dawson, L. Smith, S. D. Fernbach, L. Molinari, S. R. Niesh, J. L. Jefferies, W. J. Craigen, et al. (2009)
Hum. Mol. Genet. 18, 861-871
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Extracellular Matrix-Induced Gene Expression in Human Breast Cancer Cells.
N. Garamszegi, S. P. Garamszegi, L. A. Shehadeh, and S. P. Scully (2009)
Mol. Cancer Res. 7, 319-329
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Association of v-ErbA with Smad4 Disrupts TGF-{beta} Signaling.
R. A. Erickson and X. Liu (2009)
Mol. Biol. Cell 20, 1509-1519
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Bone morphogenetic protein 2 induces pulmonary angiogenesis via Wnt-{beta}-catenin and Wnt-RhoA-Rac1 pathways.
V. A. de Jesus Perez, T.-P. Alastalo, J. C. Wu, J. D. Axelrod, J. P. Cooke, M. Amieva, and M. Rabinovitch (2009)
J. Cell Biol. 184, 83-99
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Hey1 Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Protein Plays an Important Role in Mediating BMP9-induced Osteogenic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Progenitor Cells.
K. A. Sharff, W.-X. Song, X. Luo, N. Tang, J. Luo, J. Chen, Y. Bi, B.-C. He, J. Huang, X. Li, et al. (2009)
J. Biol. Chem. 284, 649-659
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Bone Morphogenetic Protein-7 Inhibits Telomerase Activity, Telomere Maintenance, and Cervical Tumor Growth.
L. Cassar, H. Li, A. R. Pinto, C. Nicholls, S. Bayne, and J.-P. Liu (2008)
Cancer Res. 68, 9157-9166
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
IHG-1 Amplifies TGF-{beta}1 Signaling and Is Increased in Renal Fibrosis.
M. Murphy, N. G. Docherty, B. Griffin, J. Howlin, E. McArdle, R. McMahon, H. Schmid, M. Kretzler, A. Droguett, S. Mezzano, et al. (2008)
J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 19, 1672-1680
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Clinical, Agricultural, and Evolutionary Biology of Myostatin: A Comparative Review.
B. D. Rodgers and D. K. Garikipati (2008)
Endocr. Rev. 29, 513-534
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
p53 Brings a New Twist to the Smad Signaling Network.
A. Atfi and R. Baron (2008)
Science Signaling 1, pe33
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
TGF{beta}-induced RhoA activation and fibronectin production in mesangial cells require caveolae.
F. Peng, B. Zhang, D. Wu, A. J. Ingram, B. Gao, and J. C. Krepinsky (2008)
Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 295, F153-F164
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Regulation of TGF-{beta} signalling by N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase-like 1.
P. Herr, G. Korniychuk, Y. Yamamoto, K. Grubisic, and M. Oelgeschlager (2008)
Development 135, 1813-1822
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
p204 Protein Overcomes the Inhibition of Core Binding Factor {alpha}-1-mediated Osteogenic Differentiation by Id Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins.
Y. Luan, X.-P. Yu, N. Yang, S. Frenkel, L. Chen, and C.-j. Liu (2008)
Mol. Biol. Cell 19, 2113-2126
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Synthetic Triterpenoid 2-Cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9-dien-28-oic Acid-Imidazolide Alters Transforming Growth Factor {beta}-dependent Signaling and Cell Migration by Affecting the Cytoskeleton and the Polarity Complex.
C. To, S. Kulkarni, T. Pawson, T. Honda, G. W. Gribble, M. B. Sporn, J. L. Wrana, and G. M. Di Guglielmo (2008)
J. Biol. Chem. 283, 11700-11713
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Smad4-dependent TGF-{beta} Signaling Suppresses RON Receptor Tyrosine Kinase-dependent Motility and Invasion of Pancreatic Cancer Cells.
S. Zhao, S. Ammanamanchi, M. Brattain, L. Cao, A. Thangasamy, J. Wang, and J. W. Freeman (2008)
J. Biol. Chem. 283, 11293-11301
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Atrial Remodeling and Atrial Fibrillation: Mechanisms and Implications.
S. Nattel, B. Burstein, and D. Dobrev (2008)
Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 1, 62-73
   Full Text »    PDF »
Cross Talk Among Smad, MAPK, and Integrin Signaling Pathways Enhances Adventitial Fibroblast Functions Activated by Transforming Growth Factor-{beta}1 and Inhibited by Gax.
P. Liu, C. Zhang, J. B. Feng, Y. X. Zhao, X. P. Wang, J. M. Yang, M. X. Zhang, X. L. Wang, and Y. Zhang (2008)
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 28, 725-731
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Hyaluronan Facilitates Transforming Growth Factor-{beta}1-mediated Fibroblast Proliferation.
S. Meran, D. W. Thomas, P. Stephens, S. Enoch, J. Martin, R. Steadman, and A. O. Phillips (2008)
J. Biol. Chem. 283, 6530-6545
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Sizn1 Is a Novel Protein That Functions as a Transcriptional Coactivator of Bone Morphogenic Protein Signaling.
G. Cho, Y. Lim, D. Zand, and J. A. Golden (2008)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 28, 1565-1572
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Narrative Review: The Enigma of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: New Insights from Genetic Studies.
J. H. Newman, J. A. Phillips III, and J. E. Loyd (2008)
Ann Intern Med 148, 278-283
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Adult Neurogenesis Requires Smad4-Mediated Bone Morphogenic Protein Signaling in Stem Cells.
D. Colak, T. Mori, M. S. Brill, A. Pfeifer, S. Falk, C. Deng, R. Monteiro, C. Mummery, L. Sommer, and M. Gotz (2008)
J. Neurosci. 28, 434-446
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Pro-oxidant effect of transforming growth factor-{beta}1 mediates contractile dysfunction in rat ventricular myocytes.
S. Li, X. Li, H. Zheng, B. Xie, K. R. Bidasee, and G. J. Rozanski (2008)
Cardiovasc Res 77, 107-117
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Control of Phenotypic Plasticity of Smooth Muscle Cells by Bone Morphogenetic Protein Signaling through the Myocardin-related Transcription Factors.
G. Lagna, M. M. Ku, P. H. Nguyen, N. A. Neuman, B. N. Davis, and A. Hata (2007)
J. Biol. Chem. 282, 37244-37255
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Is Critical for Synergistic Induction of the FSH{beta} Gene by Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone and Activin through Augmentation of c-Fos Induction and Smad Phosphorylation.
D. Coss, C. M. Hand, K. K. J. Yaphockun, H. A. Ely, and P. L. Mellon (2007)
Mol. Endocrinol. 21, 3071-3086
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Lack of MK2 Inhibits Myofibroblast Formation and Exacerbates Pulmonary Fibrosis.
T. Liu, R. R. Warburton, O. E. Guevara, N. S. Hill, B. L. Fanburg, M. Gaestel, and U. S. Kayyali (2007)
Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 37, 507-517
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The expression of transforming growth factor {beta} in pregnant rat myometrium is hormone and stretch dependent.
O. Shynlova, P. Tsui, A. Dorogin, B L. Langille, and S. J Lye (2007)
Reproduction 134, 503-511
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Adventitial growth factor signalling and vascular remodelling: Potential of perivascular gene transfer from the outside-in.
R. C.M. Siow and A. T. Churchman (2007)
Cardiovasc Res 75, 659-668
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A Novel Regulatory Mechanism of the Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) Signaling Pathway Involving the Carboxyl-Terminal Tail Domain of BMP Type II Receptor.
M. C. Chan, P. H. Nguyen, B. N. Davis, N. Ohoka, H. Hayashi, K. Du, G. Lagna, and A. Hata (2007)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 27, 5776-5789
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Requirement for the Dynein Light Chain km23-1 in a Smad2-dependent Transforming Growth Factor-beta Signaling Pathway.
Q. Jin, W. Ding, and K. M. Mulder (2007)
J. Biol. Chem. 282, 19122-19132
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Biological Cross-talk between WNK1 and the Transforming Growth Factor beta-Smad Signaling Pathway.
B.-H. Lee, W. Chen, S. Stippec, and M. H. Cobb (2007)
J. Biol. Chem. 282, 17985-17996
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Activation of Mps1 Promotes Transforming Growth Factor-beta-independent Smad Signaling.
S. Zhu, W. Wang, D. C. Clarke, and X. Liu (2007)
J. Biol. Chem. 282, 18327-18338
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Regulation of the GABA cell phenotype in hippocampus of schizophrenics and bipolars.
F. M. Benes, B. Lim, D. Matzilevich, J. P. Walsh, S. Subburaju, and M. Minns (2007)
PNAS 104, 10164-10169
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Retinoblastoma Protein Is an Essential Mediator of Osteogenesis That Links the p204 Protein to the Cbfa1 Transcription Factor Thereby Increasing Its Activity.
Y. Luan, X.-P. Yu, K. Xu, B. Ding, J. Yu, Y. Huang, N. Yang, P. Lengyel, P. E. Di Cesare, and C.-j. Liu (2007)
J. Biol. Chem. 282, 16860-16870
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Drosophila Nemo antagonizes BMP signaling by phosphorylation of Mad and inhibition of its nuclear accumulation.
Y. A. Zeng, M. Rahnama, S. Wang, W. Sosu-Sedzorme, and E. M. Verheyen (2007)
Development 134, 2061-2071
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
BMP4 induces EMT and Rho GTPase activation in human ovarian cancer cells.
B. L. Theriault, T. G. Shepherd, M. L. Mujoomdar, and M. W. Nachtigal (2007)
Carcinogenesis 28, 1153-1162
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Cx43 Mediates TGF-beta Signaling through Competitive Smads Binding to Microtubules.
P. Dai, T. Nakagami, H. Tanaka, T. Hitomi, and T. Takamatsu (2007)
Mol. Biol. Cell 18, 2264-2273
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Tumor-Specific Efficacy of Transforming Growth Factor-{beta}RI Inhibition in Eker Rats.
N. J. Laping, J. I. Everitt, K. S. Frazier, M. Burgert, M. J. Portis, C. Cadacio, L. I. Gold, and C. L. Walker (2007)
Clin. Cancer Res. 13, 3087-3099
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Dynamic Decapentaplegic signaling regulates patterning and adhesion in the Drosophila pupal retina.
J. B. Cordero, D. E. Larson, C. R. Craig, R. Hays, and R. Cagan (2007)
Development 134, 1861-1871
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Expression of Smad Ubiquitin Regulatory Factor 2 (Smurf2) in Rhesus Monkey Endometrium and Placenta During Early Pregnancy.
Q. Yang, H.-Y. Lin, H.-X. Wang, H. Zhang, X. Zhang, H.-M. Wang, and C. Zhu (2007)
J. Histochem. Cytochem. 55, 453-460
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Neonatal Exposure to Estrogens Suppresses Activin Expression and Signaling in the Mouse Ovary.
J. L. Kipp, S. M. Kilen, S. Bristol-Gould, T. K. Woodruff, and K. E. Mayo (2007)
Endocrinology 148, 1968-1976
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Cthrc1 Is a Novel Inhibitor of Transforming Growth Factor-{beta} Signaling and Neointimal Lesion Formation.
R. J. LeClair, T. Durmus, Q. Wang, P. Pyagay, A. Terzic, and V. Lindner (2007)
Circ. Res. 100, 826-833
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Dose-dependent cross-talk between the transforming growth factor-beta and interleukin-1 signaling pathways.
T. Lu, L. Tian, Y. Han, M. Vogelbaum, and G. R. Stark (2007)
PNAS 104, 4365-4370
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Localization of TGF-{beta} Signaling Intermediates Smad2, 3, 4, and 7 in Developing and Mature Human and Mouse Kidney.
M. C. Banas, W. T. Parks, K. L. Hudkins, B. Banas, M. Holdren, M. Iyoda, T. A. Wietecha, J. Kowalewska, G. Liu, and C. E. Alpers (2007)
J. Histochem. Cytochem. 55, 275-285
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Transforming Growth Factor-beta3 Increases the Invasiveness of Endometrial Carcinoma Cells through Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase-dependent Up-regulation of X-linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis and Protein Kinase C-dependent Induction of Matrix Metalloproteinase-9.
C. Van Themsche, I. Mathieu, S. Parent, and E. Asselin (2007)
J. Biol. Chem. 282, 4794-4802
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Integration of TGF-{beta} and Ras/MAPK Signaling Through p53 Phosphorylation.
M. Cordenonsi, M. Montagner, M. Adorno, L. Zacchigna, G. Martello, A. Mamidi, S. Soligo, S. Dupont, and S. Piccolo (2007)
Science 315, 840-843
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Bone Morphogenetic Protein-7 Is an Antagonist of Transforming Growth Factor-{beta}2 in Human Trabecular Meshwork Cells.
R. Fuchshofer, A. H. L. Yu, U. Welge-Lussen, and E. R. Tamm (2007)
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 48, 715-726
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Dual Role of SnoN in Mammalian Tumorigenesis.
Q. Zhu, A. R. Krakowski, E. E. Dunham, L. Wang, A. Bandyopadhyay, R. Berdeaux, G. S. Martin, L. Sun, and K. Luo (2007)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 27, 324-339
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Cyclooxygenase-2 is required for activated pancreatic stellate cells to respond to proinflammatory cytokines.
H. Aoki, H. Ohnishi, K. Hama, S. Shinozaki, H. Kita, H. Osawa, H. Yamamoto, K. Sato, K. Tamada, and K. Sugano (2007)
Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 292, C259-C268
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Ubiquitin Hubs in Oncogenic Networks.
N. Crosetto, M. Bienko, and I. Dikic (2006)
Mol. Cancer Res. 4, 899-904
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
cAMP Inhibits Transforming Growth Factor-beta-Stimulated Collagen Synthesis via Inhibition of Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase 1/2 and Smad Signaling in Cardiac Fibroblasts.
X. Liu, S. Q. Sun, A. Hassid, and R. S. Ostrom (2006)
Mol. Pharmacol. 70, 1992-2003
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Pulmonary Hypertension Due to BMPR2 Mutation: A New Paradigm for Tissue Remodeling?.
N. W. Morrell (2006)
Proceedings of the ATS 3, 680-686
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Mullerian Inhibiting Substance Regulates Androgen-Induced Gene Expression and Growth in Prostate Cancer Cells through a Nuclear Factor-{kappa}B-Dependent Smad-Independent Mechanism.
T. T. Tran, D. L. Segev, V. Gupta, H. Kawakubo, G. Yeo, P. K. Donahoe, and S. Maheswaran (2006)
Mol. Endocrinol. 20, 2382-2391
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Smad3 Deficiency Promotes Tumorigenesis in the Distal Colon of ApcMin/+ Mice..
N. M. Sodir, X. Chen, R. Park, A. E. Nickel, P. S. Conti, R. Moats, J. R. Bading, D. Shibata, and P. W. Laird (2006)
Cancer Res. 66, 8430-8438
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Dual function of the Drosophila Alk1/Alk2 ortholog Saxophone shapes the Bmp activity gradient in the wing imaginal disc.
E. Bangi and K. Wharton (2006)
Development 133, 3295-3303
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Hypoxia Regulates Bone Morphogenetic Protein Signaling Through C-Terminal-Binding Protein 1.
X. Wu, M. S. Chang, S. A. Mitsialis, and S. Kourembanas (2006)
Circ. Res. 99, 240-247
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Lens-Specific Expression of TGF-{beta} Induces Anterior Subcapsular Cataract Formation in the Absence of Smad3..
A. Banh, P. A. Deschamps, J. Gauldie, P. A. Overbeek, J. G. Sivak, and J. A. West-Mays (2006)
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 47, 3450-3460
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The structural basis of TGF-{beta}, bone morphogenetic protein, and activin ligand binding..
S J. Lin, T. F Lerch, R. W Cook, T. S Jardetzky, and T. K Woodruff (2006)
Reproduction 132, 179-190
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Halofuginone inhibits NF-{kappa}B and p38 MAPK in activated T cells.
M. Leiba, L. Cahalon, A. Shimoni, O. Lider, A. Zanin-Zhorov, I. Hecht, U. Sela, I. Vlodavsky, and A. Nagler (2006)
J. Leukoc. Biol. 80, 399-406
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Mullerian inhibiting substance regulates its receptor/SMAD signaling and causes mesenchymal transition of the coelomic epithelial cells early in Mullerian duct regression.
Y. Zhan, A. Fujino, D. T. MacLaughlin, T. F. Manganaro, P. P. Szotek, N. A. Arango, J. Teixeira, and P. K. Donahoe (2006)
Development 133, 2359-2369
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Role of transforming growth factor-beta in hematologic malignancies.
M. Dong and G. C. Blobe (2006)
Blood 107, 4589-4596
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
CtIP Activates Its Own and Cyclin D1 Promoters via the E2F/RB Pathway during G1/S Progression.
F. Liu and W.-H. Lee (2006)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 26, 3124-3134
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Role of Ubiquitylation in Cellular Membrane Transport.
O. Staub and D. Rotin (2006)
Physiol Rev 86, 669-707
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Activin Receptor-Like Kinase 7 Induces Apoptosis through Up-Regulation of Bax and Down-Regulation of Xiap in Normal and Malignant Ovarian Epithelial Cell Lines.
G. Xu, H. Zhou, Q. Wang, N. Auersperg, and C. Peng (2006)
Mol. Cancer Res. 4, 235-246
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Critical Roles of Serum/Glucocorticoid-Regulated Kinase 3 (SGK3) in the Hair Follicle Morphogenesis and Homeostasis: The Allelic Difference Provides Novel Insights into Hair Follicle Biology.
T. Okada, Y. Ishii, K. Masujin, A. Yasoshima, J. Matsuda, A. Ogura, H. Nakayama, T. Kunieda, and K. Doi (2006)
Am. J. Pathol. 168, 1119-1133
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Identification of phosphatases for Smad in the BMP/DPP pathway.
H. B. Chen, J. Shen, Y. T. Ip, and L. Xu (2006)
Genes & Dev. 20, 648-653
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Hormonal regulation of expression of growth differentiation factor-9 receptor type I and II genes in the bovine ovarian follicle..
B. C Jayawardana, T. Shimizu, H. Nishimoto, E. Kaneko, M. Tetsuka, and A. Miyamoto (2006)
Reproduction 131, 545-553
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
OAZ Regulates Bone Morphogenetic Protein Signaling through Smad6 Activation.
M. Ku, S. Howard, W. Ni, G. Lagna, and A. Hata (2006)
J. Biol. Chem. 281, 5277-5287
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Acute regulation of murine follicle-stimulating hormone {beta} subunit transcription by activin A.
P. Lamba, M. M Santos, D. P Philips, and D. J Bernard (2006)
J. Mol. Endocrinol. 36, 201-220
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Adenovirus-mediated Gene Transfer of Mutated I{kappa}B Kinase and I{kappa}B{alpha} Reveal NF-{kappa}B-dependent as Well as NF-{kappa}B-independent Pathways of HAS1 Activation.
K. M. Stuhlmeier and C. Pollaschek (2005)
J. Biol. Chem. 280, 42766-42773
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Requirement for the SnoN Oncoprotein in Transforming Growth Factor {beta}-Induced Oncogenic Transformation of Fibroblast Cells.
Q. Zhu, S. Pearson-White, and K. Luo (2005)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 25, 10731-10744
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Smad transcription factors.
J. Massague, J. Seoane, and D. Wotton (2005)
Genes & Dev. 19, 2783-2810
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Bone Morphogenetic Protein Signaling Modulates Myocardin Transactivation of Cardiac Genes.
T. E. Callis, D. Cao, and D.-Z. Wang (2005)
Circ. Res. 97, 992-1000
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Myocardin Enhances Smad3-Mediated Transforming Growth Factor-{beta}1 Signaling in a CArG Box-Independent Manner: Smad-Binding Element Is an Important cis Element for SM22{alpha} Transcription In Vivo.
P. Qiu, R. P. Ritchie, Z. Fu, D. Cao, J. Cumming, J. M. Miano, D.-Z. Wang, H. J. Li, and L. Li (2005)
Circ. Res. 97, 983-991
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Pc2-mediated Sumoylation of Smad-interacting Protein 1 Attenuates Transcriptional Repression of E-cadherin.
J. Long, D. Zuo, and M. Park (2005)
J. Biol. Chem. 280, 35477-35489
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
TGF{beta}-induced downregulation of E-cadherin-based cell-cell adhesion depends on PI3-kinase and PTEN.
R. Vogelmann, M.-D. Nguyen-tat, K. Giehl, G. Adler, D. Wedlich, and A. Menke (2005)
J. Cell Sci. 118, 4901-4912
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Activin Regulates Luteinizing Hormone {beta}-Subunit Gene Expression through Smad-Binding and Homeobox Elements.
D. Coss, V. G. Thackray, C.-X. Deng, and P. L. Mellon (2005)
Mol. Endocrinol. 19, 2610-2623
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Endogenous Ratio of Smad2 and Smad3 Influences the Cytostatic Function of Smad3.
S. G. Kim, H.-A. Kim, H.-S. Jong, J.-H. Park, N. K. Kim, S. H. Hong, T.-Y. Kim, and Y.-J. Bang (2005)
Mol. Biol. Cell 16, 4672-4683
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Cross-talk between Bone Morphogenetic Protein and Transforming Growth Factor-{beta} Signaling Is Essential for Exendin-4-induced Insulin-positive Differentiation of AR42J Cells.
K.-H. Yew, M. Hembree, K. Prasadan, B. Preuett, C. McFall, C. Benjes, A. Crowley, S. Sharp, S. Tulachan, S. Mehta, et al. (2005)
J. Biol. Chem. 280, 32209-32217
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Pathway- and Expression Level-Dependent Effects of Oncogenic N-Ras: p27Kip1 Mislocalization by the Ral-GEF Pathway and Erk-Mediated Interference with Smad Signaling.
S. Kfir, M. Ehrlich, A. Goldshmid, X. Liu, Y. Kloog, and Y. I. Henis (2005)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 25, 8239-8250
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Involvement of Transforming Growth Factor-{beta}1 Signaling in Hypoxia-induced Tolerance to Glucose Starvation.
A. Suzuki, G.-i. Kusakai, Y. Shimojo, J. Chen, T. Ogura, M. Kobayashi, and H. Esumi (2005)
J. Biol. Chem. 280, 31557-31563
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Activin A Mediates Growth Inhibition and Cell Cycle Arrest through Smads in Human Breast Cancer Cells.
J. E. Burdette, J. S. Jeruss, S. J. Kurley, E. J. Lee, and T. K. Woodruff (2005)
Cancer Res. 65, 7968-7975
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Role of Protein Kinase C-Ras-MAPK p44/42 in Ethanol and Transforming Growth Factor-{beta}3-Induced Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor Release from Folliculostellate Cells.
K. Chaturvedi and D. K. Sarkar (2005)
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 314, 1346-1352
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Maintenance of chondroitin sulfation balance by chondroitin-4-sulfotransferase 1 is required for chondrocyte development and growth factor signaling during cartilage morphogenesis.
M. Kluppel, T. N. Wight, C. Chan, A. Hinek, and J. L. Wrana (2005)
Development 132, 3989-4003
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
C-terminal mutants of C. elegans Smads reveal tissue-specific requirements for protein activation by TGF-{beta} signaling.
J. Wang, W. A. Mohler, and C. Savage-Dunn (2005)
Development 132, 3505-3513
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Endoglin Null Endothelial Cells Proliferate Faster and Are More Responsive to Transforming Growth Factor {beta}1 with Higher Affinity Receptors and an Activated Alk1 Pathway.
N. Pece-Barbara, S. Vera, K. Kathirkamathamby, S. Liebner, G. M. Di Guglielmo, E. Dejana, J. L. Wrana, and M. Letarte (2005)
J. Biol. Chem. 280, 27800-27808
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Keratocan Expression of Murine Keratocytes Is Maintained on Amniotic Membrane by Down-regulating Transforming Growth Factor-{beta} Signaling.
T. Kawakita, E. M. Espana, H. He, A. Hornia, L.-K. Yeh, J. Ouyang, C.-Y. Liu, and S. C. G. Tseng (2005)
J. Biol. Chem. 280, 27085-27092
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Transforming Growth Factor-{beta}-activated Kinase-1 (TAK1), a MAP3K, Interacts with Smad Proteins and Interferes with Osteogenesis in Murine Mesenchymal Progenitors.
A. Hoffmann, O. Preobrazhenska, C. Wodarczyk, Y. Medler, A. Winkel, S. Shahab, D. Huylebroeck, G. Gross, and K. Verschueren (2005)
J. Biol. Chem. 280, 27271-27283
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
SMAD pathway mediation of BDNF and TGF{beta}2 regulation of proliferation and differentiation of hippocampal granule neurons.
J. Lu, Y. Wu, N. Sousa, and O. F. X. Almeida (2005)
Development 132, 3231-3242
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Smad7 Gene Transfer Attenuates Adventitial Cell Migration and Vascular Remodeling After Balloon Injury.
C. M. Mallawaarachchi, P. L. Weissberg, and R. C.M. Siow (2005)
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 25, 1383-1387
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Repression of Bone Morphogenetic Protein and Activin-inducible Transcription by Evi-1.
T. Alliston, T. C. Ko, Y. Cao, Y.-Y. Liang, X.-H. Feng, C. Chang, and R. Derynck (2005)
J. Biol. Chem. 280, 24227-24237
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Nuclear Targeting of Transforming Growth Factor-{beta}-activated Smad Complexes.
H. B. Chen, J. G. Rud, K. Lin, and L. Xu (2005)
J. Biol. Chem. 280, 21329-21336
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Smad1 and Smad8 Function Similarly in Mammalian Central Nervous System Development.
M. Hester, J. C. Thompson, J. Mills, Y. Liu, H. M. El-Hodiri, and M. Weinstein (2005)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 25, 4683-4692
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »


To Advertise     Find Products

Science. ISSN 0036-8075 (print), 1095-9203 (online)