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Science 31 May 2002:
Vol. 296. no. 5573, pp. 1642 - 1644
DOI: 10.1126/science.1071884
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Connections and Regulation of the Human Estrogen Receptor

Donald P. McDonnell,* John D. Norris

Estrogen regulates a plethora of functionally dissimilar processes in a broad range of tissues. Recent progress in the study of the molecular mechanism of action of estrogen(s) has revealed why different cells can respond to the same hormone in a different manner. Three of these findings are of particular importance: (i) There are two genetically and functionally distinct estrogen receptors that have distinct expression patterns in vivo; (ii) the positive and negative transcriptional activities of these receptors require them to engage transcription cofactors (coactivators or corepressors) in target cells; and (iii) not all cofactors are functionally equivalent, nor are they expressed in the same manner in all cells. Thus, although the estrogen receptor is required for a cell to respond to an estrogenic stimulus, the nature and extent of that response are determined by the proteins, pathways, and processes with which the receptor interacts.

Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3813, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
*   To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: donald.mcdonnell{at}duke.edu

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Mining the Complexities of the Estrogen Signaling Pathways for Novel Therapeutics.
D. P. McDonnell (2003)
Endocrinology 144, 4237-4240
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Letrozole Inhibits Tumor Proliferation More Effectively than Tamoxifen Independent of HER1/2 Expression Stat