Note to users. If you're seeing this message, it means that your browser cannot find this page's style/presentation instructions -- or possibly that you are using a browser that does not support current Web standards. Find out more about why this message is appearing, and what you can do to make your experience of our site the best it can be.

Science 24 May 2002:
Vol. 296. no. 5572, pp. 1486 - 1488
DOI: 10.1126/science.1069525
Prev | Table of Contents

Reports

Induction of Cachexia in Mice by Systemically Administered Myostatin

Teresa A. Zimmers,1* Monique V. Davies,2 Leonidas G. Koniaris,1* Paul Haynes,2dagger Aurora F. Esquela,1 Kathy N. Tomkinson,2 Alexandra C. McPherron,1 Neil M. Wolfman,2 Se-Jin Lee1ddagger

Mice and cattle with genetic deficiencies in myostatin exhibit dramatic increases in skeletal muscle mass, suggesting that myostatin normally suppresses muscle growth. Whether this increased muscling results from prenatal or postnatal lack of myostatin activity is unknown. Here we show that myostatin circulates in the blood of adult mice in a latent form that can be activated by acid treatment. Systemic overexpression of myostatin in adult mice was found to induce profound muscle and fat loss analogous to that seen in human cachexia syndromes. These data indicate that myostatin acts systemically in adult animals and may be a useful pharmacologic target in clinical settings such as cachexia, where muscle growth is desired.

1 Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
2 Wyeth Research Division, Wyeth Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 87 CambridgePark Drive, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA.
*   Present address: Department of Surgery, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box SURG, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.

dagger    Present address: Torrey Mesa Research Institute, 3115 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.

ddagger    To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: sjlee{at}jhmi.edu

Read the Full Text


THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES:
Activin A and Follistatin-Like 3 Determine the Susceptibility of Heart to Ischemic Injury.
Y. Oshima, N. Ouchi, M. Shimano, D. R. Pimentel, K. N. Papanicolaou, K. D. Panse, K. Tsuchida, E. Lara-Pezzi, S.-J. Lee, and K. Walsh (2009)
Circulation 120, 1606-1615
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Myostatin Inhibition Enhances the Effects of Exercise on Performance and Metabolic Outcomes in Aged Mice.
N. K. LeBrasseur, T. M. Schelhorn, B. L. Bernardo, P. G. Cosgrove, P. M. Loria, and T. A. Brown (2009)
J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 64A, 940-948
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Role of Follistatin in Promoting Adipogenesis in Women.
J. N. Flanagan, K. Linder, N. Mejhert, E. Dungner, K. Wahlen, P. Decaunes, M. Ryden, P. Bjorklund, S. Arver, S. Bhasin, et al. (2009)
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 94, 3003-3009
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Activin Signaling: Effects on Body Composition and Mitochondrial Energy Metabolism.
L. Li, J. J. Shen, J. C. Bournat, L. Huang, A. Chattopadhyay, Z. Li, C. Shaw, B. H. Graham, and C. W. Brown (2009)
Endocrinology 150, 3521-3529
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Smad2 and 3 transcription factors control muscle mass in adulthood.
R. Sartori, G. Milan, M. Patron, C. Mammucari, B. Blaauw, R. Abraham, and M. Sandri (2009)
Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 296, C1248-C1257
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Myostatin reduces Akt/TORC1/p70S6K signaling, inhibiting myoblast differentiation and myotube size.
A. U. Trendelenburg, A. Meyer, D. Rohner, J. Boyle, S. Hatakeyama, and D. J. Glass (2009)
Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 296, C1258-C1270
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Loss-of-Function Mutation in Myostatin Reduces Tumor Necrosis Factor {alpha} Production and Protects Liver Against Obesity-Induced Insulin Resistance.
J. J. Wilkes, D. J. Lloyd, and N. Gekakis (2009)
Diabetes 58, 1133-1143
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Mechanisms of Cancer Cachexia.
M. J. Tisdale (2009)
Physiol Rev 89, 381-410
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Impact of exercise training on myostatin expression in the myocardium and skeletal muscle in a chronic heart failure model.
K. Lenk, R. Schur, A. Linke, S. Erbs, Y. Matsumoto, V. Adams, and G. Schuler (2009)
Eur J Heart Fail 11, 342-348
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Delivery of recombinant follistatin lessens disease severity in a mouse model of spinal muscular atrophy.
F. F. Rose Jr, V. B. Mattis, H. Rindt, and C. L. Lorson (2009)
Hum. Mol. Genet. 18, 997-1005
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Regulation of Myogenic Differentiation by Androgens: Cross Talk between Androgen Receptor/ {beta}-Catenin and Follistatin/Transforming Growth Factor-{beta} Signaling Pathways.
R. Singh, S. Bhasin, M. Braga, J. N. Artaza, S. Pervin, W. E. Taylor, V. Krishnan, S. K. Sinha, T. B. Rajavashisth, and R. Jasuja (2009)
Endocrinology 150, 1259-1268
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Myostatin regulates fiber-type composition of skeletal muscle by regulating MEF2 and MyoD gene expression.
A. Hennebry, C. Berry, V. Siriett, P. O'Callaghan, L. Chau, T. Watson, M. Sharma, and R. Kambadur (2009)
Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 296, C525-C534
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Deficiency of Growth Differentiation Factor 3 Protects against Diet-Induced Obesity by Selectively Acting on White Adipose.
J. J. Shen, L. Huang, L. Li, C. Jorgez, M. M. Matzuk, and C. W. Brown (2009)
Mol. Endocrinol. 23, 113-123
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Oversecretion of interleukin-15 from skeletal muscle reduces adiposity.
L. S. Quinn, B. G. Anderson, L. Strait-Bodey, A. M. Stroud, and J. M. Argiles (2009)
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 296, E191-E202
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Proteomic Identification and Functional Validation of Activins and Bone Morphogenetic Protein 11 as Candidate Novel Muscle Mass Regulators.
T. A. Souza, X. Chen, Y. Guo, P. Sava, J. Zhang, J. J. Hill, P. J. Yaworsky, and Y. Qiu (2008)
Mol. Endocrinol. 22, 2689-2702
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Differential Antagonism of Activin, Myostatin and Growth and Differentiation Factor 11 by Wild-Type and Mutant Follistatin.
A. L. Schneyer, Y. Sidis, A. Gulati, J. L. Sun, H. Keutmann, and P. A. Krasney (2008)
Endocrinology 149, 4589-4595
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Both WFIKKN1 and WFIKKN2 Have High Affinity for Growth and Differentiation Factors 8 and 11.
K. Kondas, G. Szlama, M. Trexler, and L. Patthy (2008)
J. Biol. Chem. 283, 23677-23684
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Clinical, Agricultural, and Evolutionary Biology of Myostatin: A Comparative Review.
B. D. Rodgers and D. K. Garikipati (2008)
Endocr. Rev. 29, 513-534
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Signaling in Muscle Atrophy and Hypertrophy.
M. Sandri (2008)
Physiology 23, 160-170
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Myostatin, activin receptor IIb, and follistatin-like-3 gene expression are altered in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle of obese mice.
D. L. Allen, A. S. Cleary, K. J. Speaker, S. F. Lindsay, J. Uyenishi, J. M. Reed, M. C. Madden, and R. S. Mehan (2008)
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 294, E918-E927
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Effects of Myostatin on Adipogenic Differentiation of Human Bone Marrow-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Are Mediated through Cross-communication between Smad3 and Wnt/{beta}-Catenin Signaling Pathways.
W. Guo, J. Flanagan, R. Jasuja, J. Kirkland, L. Jiang, and S. Bhasin (2008)
J. Biol. Chem. 283, 9136-9145
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Angiotensin II activates myostatin expression in cultured rat neonatal cardiomyocytes via p38 MAP kinase and myocyte enhance factor 2 pathway.
B.-W. Wang, H. Chang, P. Kuan, and K.-G. Shyu (2008)
J. Endocrinol. 197, 85-93
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Identification of a Novel Pool of Extracellular Pro-myostatin in Skeletal Muscle.
S. B. Anderson, A. L. Goldberg, and M. Whitman (2008)
J. Biol. Chem. 283, 7027-7035
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Transforming growth factor-{beta} and myostatin signaling in skeletal muscle.
H. D. Kollias and J. C. McDermott (2008)
J Appl Physiol 104, 579-587
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Myostatin promotes the terminal differentiation of embryonic muscle progenitors.
M. Manceau, J. Gros, K. Savage, V. Thome, A. McPherron, B. Paterson, and C. Marcelle (2008)
Genes & Dev. 22, 668-681
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Conjugated Linoleic Acid Suppresses Myogenic Gene Expression in a Model of Human Muscle Cell Inflammation.
A. E. Larsen, D. Cameron-Smith, and T. C. Crowe (2008)
J. Nutr. 138, 12-16
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Developmental Changes in Extracellular Matrix Messenger RNAs in the Mouse Placenta During the Second Half of Pregnancy: Possible Factors Involved in the Regulation of Placental Extracellular Matrix Expression.
K. Y Arai and T. Nishiyama (2007)
Biol Reprod 77, 923-933
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Estrogen Effects on Skeletal Muscle Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 and Myostatin in Ovariectomized Rats.
W.-J. A. Tsai, K. M. McCormick, D. A. Brazeau, and G. A. Brazeau (2007)
Experimental Biology and Medicine 232, 1314-1325
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Load-mediated downregulation of myostatin mRNA is not sufficient to promote myofiber hypertrophy in humans: a cluster analysis.
J.-s. Kim, J. K. Petrella, J. M. Cross, and M. M. Bamman (2007)
J Appl Physiol 103, 1488-1495
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Invited Review: New Perspectives on the Roles of Nutrition and Metabolic Priorities in the Subfertility of High-Producing Dairy Cows.
L. M. Chagas, J. J. Bass, D. Blache, C. R. Burke, J. K. Kay, D. R. Lindsay, M. C. Lucy, G. B. Martin, S. Meier, F. M. Rhodes, et al. (2007)
J Dairy Sci 90, 4022-4032
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Alterations in myostatin expression are associated with changes in cardiac left ventricular mass but not ejection fraction in the mouse.
J. N Artaza, S. Reisz-Porszasz, J. S Dow, R. A Kloner, J. Tsao, S. Bhasin, and N. F Gonzalez-Cadavid (2007)
J. Endocrinol. 194, 63-76
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Ectopic Expression of Myostatin Induces Atrophy of Adult Skeletal Muscle by Decreasing Muscle Gene Expression.
A.-C. Durieux, A. Amirouche, S. Banzet, N. Koulmann, R. Bonnefoy, M. Pasdeloup, C. Mouret, X. Bigard, A. Peinnequin, and D. Freyssenet (2007)
Endocrinology 148, 3140-3147
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Activin-type II receptor B (ACVR2B) and follistatin haplotype associations with muscle mass and strength in humans.
S. Walsh, E. J. Metter, L. Ferrucci, and S. M. Roth (2007)
J Appl Physiol 102, 2142-2148
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Production of a Polyclonal Anti-Myostatin Antibody and the Effects of In Ovo Administration of the Antibody on Posthatch Broiler Growth and Muscle Mass.
Y. S. Kim, N. K. Bobbili, Y. K. Lee, H. J. Jin, and M. A. Dunn (2007)
Poult. Sci. 86, 1196-1205
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Advances in signaling in vertebrate regeneration as a prelude to regenerative medicine.
C. L. Stoick-Cooper, R. T. Moon, and G. Weidinger (2007)
Genes & Dev. 21, 1292-1315
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Characterization of Rainbow Trout Myostatin-2 Genes (rtMSTN-2a and -2b): Genomic Organization, Differential Expression, and Pseudogenization.
D. K. Garikipati, S. A. Gahr, E. H. Roalson, and B. D. Rodgers (2007)
Endocrinology 148, 2106-2115
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Altered expression of genes regulating skeletal muscle mass in the portacaval anastamosis rat.
S. Dasarathy, S. Muc, K. Hisamuddin, J. M. Edmison, M. Dodig, A. J. McCullough, and S. C. Kalhan (2007)
Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 292, G1105-G1113
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Muscle growth after postdevelopmental myostatin gene knockout.
S. Welle, K. Bhatt, C. A. Pinkert, R. Tawil, and C. A. Thornton (2007)
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 292, E985-E991
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
FSTL3 deletion reveals roles for TGF-beta family ligands in glucose and fat homeostasis in adults.
A. Mukherjee, Y. Sidis, A. Mahan, M. J. Raher, Y. Xia, E. D. Rosen, K. D. Bloch, M. K. Thomas, and A. L. Schneyer (2007)
PNAS 104, 1348-1353
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Myostatin Gene Deletion Prevents Glucocorticoid-Induced Muscle Atrophy.
H. Gilson, O. Schakman, L. Combaret, P. Lause, L. Grobet, D. Attaix, J. M. Ketelslegers, and J. P. Thissen (2007)
Endocrinology 148, 452-460
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Regulation of myostatin expression and myoblast differentiation by FoxO and SMAD transcription factors.
D. L. Allen and T. G. Unterman (2007)
Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 292, C188-C199
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Muscle cachexia is regulated by a p53-PW1/Peg3-dependent pathway.
M. Schwarzkopf, D. Coletti, D. Sassoon, and G. Marazzi (2006)
Genes & Dev. 20, 3440-3452
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Contractile properties of EDL and soleus muscles of myostatin-deficient mice.
C. L. Mendias, J. E. Marcin, D. R. Calerdon, and J. A. Faulkner (2006)
J Appl Physiol 101, 898-905
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Gene silencing of myostatin in differentiation of chicken embryonic myoblasts by small interfering RNA.
F. Sato, M. Kurokawa, N. Yamauchi, and M.-a. Hattori (2006)
Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 291, C538-C545
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Environment and plasticity of myogenesis in teleost fish.
I. A. Johnston (2006)
J. Exp. Biol. 209, 2249-2264
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Cachexia: pathophysiology and clinical relevance..
J. E Morley, D. R Thomas, and M.-M. G Wilson (2006)
Am. J. Clinical Nutrition 83, 735-743
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Loss of myogenin in postnatal life leads to normal skeletal muscle but reduced body size.
J. R. Knapp, J. K. Davie, A. Myer, E. Meadows, E. N. Olson, and W. H. Klein (2006)
Development 133, 601-610
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase 1/2 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathway Is Involved in Myostatin-Regulated Differentiation Repression.
W. Yang, Y. Chen, Y. Zhang, X. Wang, N. Yang, and D. Zhu (2006)
Cancer Res. 66, 1320-1326
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Dividing to Keep Muscle Together: The Role of Satellite Cells in Aging Skeletal Muscle.
R. T. Hepple (2006)
Sci. Aging Knowl. Environ. 2006, pe3
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Polymorphic Polymorphic MicroRNA-Target Interactions: A Novel Source of Phenotypic Variation.
M. GEORGES, A. CLOP, F. MARCQ, H. TAKEDA, D. PIROTTIN, S. HIARD, X. TORDOIR, F. CAIMENT, F. MEISH, B. BIBE, et al. (2006)
Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 71, 343-350
   Abstract »    PDF »
Insulin-like growth factor-1 mediates stretch-induced upregulation of myostatin expression in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes.
K.-G. Shyu, W.-H. Ko, W.-S. Yang, B.-W. Wang, and P. Kuan (2005)
Cardiovasc Res 68, 405-414
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Cancer cachexia.
J.N. Gordon, S.R. Green, and P.M. Goggin (2005)
QJM 98, 779-788
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Quantitative trait loci for human muscle strength: linkage analysis of myostatin pathway genes.
W. Huygens, M. A. I. Thomis, M. W. Peeters, J. Aerssens, R. Vlietinck, and G. P. Beunen (2005)
Physiol Genomics 22, 390-397
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Improved muscle healing through enhanced regeneration and reduced fibrosis in myostatin-null mice.
S. McCroskery, M. Thomas, L. Platt, A. Hennebry, T. Nishimura, L. McLeay, M. Sharma, and R. Kambadur (2005)
J. Cell Sci. 118, 3531-3541
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Myostatin Inhibits Myogenesis and Promotes Adipogenesis in C3H 10T(1/2) Mesenchymal Multipotent Cells.
J. N. Artaza, S. Bhasin, T. R. Magee, S. Reisz-Porszasz, R. Shen, N. P. Groome, M. M. Fareez, and N. F. Gonzalez-Cadavid (2005)
Endocrinology 146, 3547-3557
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
GDF11 Forms a Bone Morphogenetic Protein 1-Activated Latent Complex That Can Modulate Nerve Growth Factor-Induced Differentiation of PC12 Cells.
G. Ge, D. R. Hopkins, W.-B. Ho, and D. S. Greenspan (2005)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 25, 5846-5858
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Impact of resistance loading on myostatin expression and cell cycle regulation in young and older men and women.
J.-s. Kim, J. M. Cross, and M. M. Bamman (2005)
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 288, E1110-E1119
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Elimination of Myostatin Does Not Combat Muscular Dystrophy in dy Mice but Increases Postnatal Lethality.
Z.-f. Li, G. D. Shelton, and E. Engvall (2005)
Am. J. Pathol. 166, 491-497
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Decreased Protein Accretion in Pigs with Viral and Bacterial Pneumonia Is Associated with Increased Myostatin Expression in Muscle.
J. Escobar, W. G. Van Alstine, D. H. Baker, and R. W. Johnson (2004)
J. Nutr. 134, 3047-3053
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The molecular basis of skeletal muscle atrophy.
R. W. Jackman and S. C. Kandarian (2004)
Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 287, C834-C843
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Transgenic salmon overexpressing growth hormone exhibit decreased myostatin transcript and protein expression.
S. B. Roberts, L. A. R. McCauley, R. H. Devlin, and F. W. Goetz (2004)
J. Exp. Biol. 207, 3741-3748
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
An Activin Mutant with Disrupted ALK4 Binding Blocks Signaling via Type II Receptors.
C. A. Harrison, P. C. Gray, W. H. Fischer, C. Donaldson, S. Choe, and W. Vale (2004)
J. Biol. Chem. 279, 28036-28044
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Powerful Genes -- Myostatin Regulation of Human Muscle Mass.
E. M. McNally (2004)
N. Engl. J. Med. 350, 2642-2644
   Full Text »    PDF »
Myostatin Mutation Associated with Gross Muscle Hypertrophy in a Child.
M. Schuelke, K. R. Wagner, L. E. Stolz, C. Hubner, T. Riebel, W. Komen, T. Braun, J. F. Tobin, and S.-J. Lee (2004)
N. Engl. J. Med. 350, 2682-2688
   Full Text »    PDF »
Differential Response to Exogenous and Endogenous Myostatin in Myoblasts Suggests that Myostatin Acts as an Autocrine Factor in Vivo.
R. Rios, S. Fernandez-Nocelos, I. Carneiro, V. M. Arce, and J. Devesa (2004)
Endocrinology 145, 2795-2803
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Linkage of myostatin pathway genes with knee strength in humans.
W. Huygens, M. A. Thomis, M. W. Peeters, J. Aerssens, R. Janssen, R. F. Vlietinck, and G. Beunen (2004)
Physiol Genomics 17, 264-270
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Activation of latent myostatin by the BMP-1/tolloid family of metalloproteinases.
N. M. Wolfman, A. C. McPherron, W. N. Pappano, M. V. Davies, K. Song, K. N. Tomkinson, J. F. Wright, L. Zhao, S. M. Sebald, D. S. Greenspan, et al. (2003)
PNAS 100, 15842-15846
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Interleukin-1{alpha} Promotes Tumor Growth and Cachexia in MCF-7 Xenograft Model of Breast Cancer.
S. Kumar, H. Kishimoto, H. L. Chua, S. Badve, K. D. Miller, R. M. Bigsby, and H. Nakshatri (2003)
Am. J. Pathol. 163, 2531-2541
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Myostatin Signals through a Transforming Growth Factor {beta}-Like Signaling Pathway To Block Adipogenesis.
A. Rebbapragada, H. Benchabane, J. L. Wrana, A. J. Celeste, and L. Attisano (2003)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 23, 7230-7242
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Lower skeletal muscle mass in male transgenic mice with muscle-specific overexpression of myostatin.
S. Reisz-Porszasz, S. Bhasin, J. N. Artaza, R. Shen, I. Sinha-Hikim, A. Hogue, T. J. Fielder, and N. F. Gonzalez-Cadavid (2003)
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 285, E876-E888
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The new frontier in muscular dystrophy research: booster genes.
E. ENGVALL and U. M. WEWER (2003)
FASEB J 17, 1579-1584
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Gene expression profile of aging in human muscle.
S. Welle, A. I. Brooks, J. M. Delehanty, N. Needler, and C. A. Thornton (2003)
Physiol Genomics 14, 149-159
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Myostatin-deficient mice lose more skeletal muscle mass than wild-type controls during hindlimb suspension.
C. D. McMahon, L. Popovic, J. M. Oldham, F. Jeanplong, H. K. Smith, R. Kambadur, M. Sharma, L. Maxwell, and J. J. Bass (2003)
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 285, E82-E87
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Regulation of Myostatin in Vivo by Growth and Differentiation Factor-Associated Serum Protein-1: A Novel Protein with Protease Inhibitor and Follistatin Domains.
J. J. Hill, Y. Qiu, R. M. Hewick, and N. M. Wolfman (2003)
Mol. Endocrinol. 17, 1144-1154
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Sexual dimorphism is associated with decreased expression of processed myostatin in males.
C. D. McMahon, L. Popovic, F. Jeanplong, J. M. Oldham, S. P. Kirk, C. C. Osepchook, K. W. Y. Wong, M. Sharma, R. Kambadur, and J. J. Bass (2003)
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 284, E377-E381
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Genetic Analysis of the Mammalian Transforming Growth Factor-{beta} Superfamily.
H. Chang, C. W. Brown, and M. M. Matzuk (2002)
Endocr. Rev. 23, 787-823
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Myostatin Propeptide and the Follistatin-related Gene Are Inhibitory Binding Proteins of Myostatin in Normal Serum.
J. J. Hill, M. V. Davies, A. A. Pearson, J. H. Wang, R. M. Hewick, N. M. Wolfman, and Y. Qiu (2002)
J. Biol. Chem. 277, 40735-40741
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »


To Advertise     Find Products

Science. ISSN 0036-8075 (print), 1095-9203 (online)