Note to users. If you're seeing this message, it means that your browser cannot find this page's style/presentation instructions -- or possibly that you are using a browser that does not support current Web standards. Find out more about why this message is appearing, and what you can do to make your experience of our site the best it can be.

Site Tools

  • AAAS
  • Subscribe
  • Feedback

Site Search

Search Advanced

Science 17 May 2002:
Vol. 296. no. 5571, pp. 1280 - 1284
DOI: 10.1126/science.1069594
Prev | Table of Contents | Next

Research Articles

Structural Basis of Transcription Initiation: RNA Polymerase Holoenzyme at 4 Å Resolution

Katsuhiko S. Murakami, Shoko Masuda, Seth A. Darst*

The crystal structure of the initiating form of Thermus aquaticus RNA polymerase, containing core RNA polymerase (alpha 2beta beta 'omega ) and the promoter specificity sigma  subunit, has been determined at 4 angstrom resolution. Important structural features of the RNA polymerase and their roles in positioning sigma  within the initiation complex are delineated, as well as the role played by sigma  in modulating the opening of the RNA polymerase active-site channel. The two carboxyl-terminal domains of sigma  are separated by 45 angstroms on the surface of the RNA polymerase, but are linked by an extended loop. The loop winds near the RNA polymerase active site, where it may play a role in initiating nucleotide substrate binding, and out through the RNA exit channel. The advancing RNA transcript must displace the loop, leading to abortive initiation and ultimately to sigma  release.

The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA.
*   To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: darst{at}rockefeller.edu

Read the Full Text


THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES:
Schizosacharomyces pombe RNA polymerase II at 3.6-A resolution.
H. Spahr, G. Calero, D. A. Bushnell, and R. D. Kornberg (2009)
PNAS 106, 9185-9190
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The promoter spacer influences transcription initiation via {sigma}70 region 1.1 of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase.
I. G. Hook-Barnard and D. M. Hinton (2009)
PNAS 106, 737-742
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Binding of the Unorthodox Transcription Activator, Crl, to the Components of the Transcription Machinery.
P. England, L. F. Westblade, G. Karimova, V. Robbe-Saule, F. Norel, and A. Kolb (2008)
J. Biol. Chem. 283, 33455-33464
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Structure of a Transcribing T7 RNA Polymerase in Transition from Initiation to Elongation.
K. J. Durniak, S. Bailey, and T. A. Steitz (2008)
Science 322, 553-557
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The bacteriophage {lambda} Q antiterminator protein contacts the {beta}-flap domain of RNA polymerase.
P. Deighan, C. M. Diez, M. Leibman, A. Hochschild, and B. E. Nickels (2008)
PNAS 105, 15305-15310
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
An Amino Acid Substitution at Position 740 in {sigma}70 of Ralstonia solanacearum Strain OE1-1 Affects Its In Planta Growth.
A. Kanda, K. Tsuneishi, A. Mori, K. Ohnishi, A. Kiba, and Y. Hikichi (2008)
Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 74, 5841-5844
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Characterization of Single and Double Inactivation Strains Reveals New Physiological Roles for Group 2 {sigma} Factors in the Cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803.
M. Pollari, L. Gunnelius, I. Tuominen, V. Ruotsalainen, E. Tyystjarvi, T. Salminen, and T. Tyystjarvi (2008)
Plant Physiology 147, 1994-2005
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Control of the Timing of Promoter Escape and RNA Catalysis by the Transcription Factor IIB Fingertip.
K. Tran and J. D. Gralla (2008)
J. Biol. Chem. 283, 15665-15671
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Promoter Activation by Repositioning of RNA Polymerase.
A. Kumar and C. P. Moran Jr. (2008)
J. Bacteriol. 190, 3110-3117
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Lineage-Specific Amino Acid Substitutions in Region 2 of the RNA Polymerase {sigma} Subunit Affect the Temperature of Promoter Opening.
N. Barinova, E. Zhilina, I. Bass, V. Nikiforov, and A. Kulbachinskiy (2008)
J. Bacteriol. 190, 3088-3092
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Fine structure of the promoter-{sigma} region 1.2 interaction.
S. P. Haugen, W. Ross, M. Manrique, and R. L. Gourse (2008)
PNAS 105, 3292-3297
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Effects of Discontinuities in the DNA Template on Abortive Initiation and Promoter Escape by Escherichia coli RNA Polymerase.
Q. Wang, T. D. Tullius, and J. R. Levin (2007)
J. Biol. Chem. 282, 26917-26927
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription.
R. D. Kornberg (2007)
PNAS 104, 12955-12961
   Full Text »    PDF »
Region 2.1 of the Escherichia coli heat-shock sigma factor RpoH ({sigma}32) is necessary but not sufficient for degradation by the FtsH protease.
M. Obrist, S. Milek, E. Klauck, R. Hengge, and F. Narberhaus (2007)
Microbiology 153, 2560-2571
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Specific Recognition of the -10 Promoter Element by the Free RNA Polymerase {sigma} Subunit.
A. Sevostyanova, A. Feklistov, N. Barinova, E. Heyduk, I. Bass, S. Klimasauskas, T. Heyduk, and A. Kulbachinskiy (2007)
J. Biol. Chem. 282, 22033-22039
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Properties of RNA Polymerase Bypass Mutants: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE ROLE OF ppGpp AND ITS CO-FACTOR DksA IN CONTROLLING TRANSCRIPTION DEPENDENT ON {sigma}54.
A. Szalewska-Palasz, L. U. M. Johansson, L. M. D. Bernardo, E. Skarfstad, E. Stec, K. Brannstrom, and V. Shingler (2007)
J. Biol. Chem. 282, 18046-18056
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The -11A of promoter DNA and two conserved amino acids in the melting region of {sigma}70 both directly affect the rate limiting step in formation of the stable RNA polymerase-promoter complex, but they do not necessarily interact.
L. A. Schroeder, A.-J. Choi, and P. L. deHaseth (2007)
Nucleic Acids Res.
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Real-time footprinting of DNA in the first kinetically significant intermediate in open complex formation by Escherichia coli RNA polymerase.
C. A. Davis, C. A. Bingman, R. Landick, M. T. Record Jr., and R. M. Saecker (2007)
PNAS 104, 7833-7838
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Functional organization of the Rpb5 subunit shared by the three yeast RNA polymerases.
C. Zaros, J.-F. Briand, Y. Boulard, S. Labarre-Mariotte, M. C. Garcia-Lopez, P. Thuriaux, and F. Navarro (2007)
Nucleic Acids Res. 35, 634-647
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Escherichia coli RNA Polymerase Recognition of a {sigma}70-Dependent Promoter Requiring a -35 DNA Element and an Extended -10 TGn Motif.
I. Hook-Barnard, X. B. Johnson, and D. M. Hinton (2006)
J. Bacteriol. 188, 8352-8359
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Disulfide cross-linking indicates that FlgM-bound and free {sigma}28 adopt similar conformations.
M. K. Sorenson and S. A. Darst (2006)
PNAS 103, 16722-16727
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Elongation complexes of Thermus thermophilus RNA polymerase that possess distinct translocation conformations.
E. Kashkina, M. Anikin, T. H. Tahirov, S. N. Kochetkov, D. G. Vassylyev, and D. Temiakov (2006)
Nucleic Acids Res. 34, 4036-4045
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Region 3.2 of the {sigma} Subunit Contributes to the Binding of the 3'-Initiating Nucleotide in the RNA Polymerase Active Center and Facilitates Promoter Clearance during Initiation.
A. Kulbachinskiy and A. Mustaev (2006)
J. Biol. Chem. 281, 18273-18276
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Rhizobium etli {sigma}70 (SigA) factor recognizes a lax consensus promoter.
M. A. Ramirez-Romero, I. Masulis, M. A. Cevallos, V. Gonzalez, and G. Davila (2006)
Nucleic Acids Res. 34, 1470-1480
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Structural Perspective on Mutations Affecting the Function of Multisubunit RNA Polymerases.
V. Trinh, M.-F. Langelier, J. Archambault, and B. Coulombe (2006)
Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 70, 12-36
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Mutational analysis of an extracytoplasmic-function sigma factor to investigate its interactions with RNA polymerase and DNA..
M. J. Wilson and I. L. Lamont (2006)
J. Bacteriol. 188, 1935-1942
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Bacteriophage T4 Inhibitor and Coactivator AsiA Inhibits Escherichia coli RNA Polymerase More Rapidly in the Absence of {sigma}70 Region 1.1: Evidence that Region 1.1 Stabilizes the Interaction between {sigma}70 and Core.
D. M. Hinton, S. Vuthoori, and R. Mulamba (2006)
J. Bacteriol. 188, 1279-1285
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Structure and Carboxyl-terminal Domain (CTD) Binding of the Set2 SRI Domain That Couples Histone H3 Lys36 Methylation to Transcription.
E. Vojnic, B. Simon, B. D. Strahl, M. Sattler, and P. Cramer (2006)
J. Biol. Chem. 281, 13-15
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The C-terminal RpoN Domain of {sigma}54 Forms an Unpredicted Helix-Turn-Helix Motif Similar to Domains of {sigma}70.
M. Doucleff, L. T. Malak, J. G. Pelton, and D. E. Wemmer (2005)
J. Biol. Chem. 280, 41530-41536
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Escherichia coli RNA Polymerase Contacts outside the -10 Promoter Element Are Not Essential for Promoter Melting.
A. Niedziela-Majka and T. Heyduk (2005)
J. Biol. Chem. 280, 38219-38227
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Response of RNA polymerase to ppGpp: requirement for the {omega} subunit and relief of this requirement by DksA.
C. E. Vrentas, T. Gaal, W. Ross, R. H. Ebright, and R. L. Gourse (2005)
Genes & Dev. 19, 2378-2387
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Transcriptional takeover by {sigma} appropriation: remodelling of the {sigma}70 subunit of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase by the bacteriophage T4 activator MotA and co-activator AsiA.
D. M. Hinton, S. Pande, N. Wais, X. B. Johnson, M. Vuthoori, A. Makela, and I. Hook-Barnard (2005)
Microbiology 151, 1729-1740
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Mechanistic Differences in Promoter DNA Melting by Thermus aquaticus and Escherichia coli RNA Polymerases.
L. A. Schroeder and P. L. deHaseth (2005)
J. Biol. Chem. 280, 17422-17429
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Structural Insights into the Activity of Enhancer-Binding Proteins.
M. Rappas, J. Schumacher, F. Beuron, H. Niwa, P. Bordes, S. Wigneshweraraj, C. A. Keetch, C. V. Robinson, M. Buck, and X. Zhang (2005)
Science 307, 1972-1975
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The interaction between {sigma}70 and the {beta}-flap of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase inhibits extension of nascent RNA during early elongation.
B. E. Nickels, S. J. Garrity, V. Mekler, L. Minakhin, K. Severinov, R. H. Ebright, and A. Hochschild (2005)
PNAS 102, 4488-4493
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Substrate Requirements for Regulated Intramembrane Proteolysis of Bacillus subtilis Pro-{sigma}K.
H. Prince, R. Zhou, and L. Kroos (2005)
J. Bacteriol. 187, 961-971
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
RNA polymerase mutants defective in the initiation of transcription-coupled DNA repair.
A. J. Smith and N. J. Savery (2005)
Nucleic Acids Res. 33, 755-764
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Altering the interaction between {sigma}70 and RNA polymerase generates complexes with distinct transcription-elongation properties.
Y. Berghofer-Hochheimer, C. Z. Lu, and C. A. Gross (2005)
PNAS 102, 1157-1162
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The effects of upstream DNA on open complex formation by Escherichia coli RNA polymerase.
C. A. Davis, M. W. Capp, M. T. Record Jr, and R. M. Saecker (2005)
PNAS 102, 285-290
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Association of RNA polymerase with transcribed regions in Escherichia coli.
J. T. Wade and K. Struhl (2004)
PNAS 101, 17777-17782
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Binding of the C-Terminal Domain of the {alpha} Subunit of RNA Polymerase to the Phage Mu Middle Promoter.
J. Ma and M. M. Howe (2004)
J. Bacteriol. 186, 7858-7864
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Conserved Region 2.1 of Escherichia coli Heat Shock Transcription Factor {sigma}32 Is Required for Modulating both Metabolic Stability and Transcriptional Activity.
M. Horikoshi, T. Yura, S. Tsuchimoto, Y. Fukumori, and M. Kanemori (2004)
J. Bacteriol. 186, 7474-7480
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A chaperone network controls the heat shock response in E. coli.
E. Guisbert, C. Herman, C. Z. Lu, and C. A. Gross (2004)
Genes & Dev. 18, 2812-2821
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Nucleotide-dependent interactions between a fork junction-RNA polymerase complex and an AAA+ transcriptional activator protein.
W. V. Cannon, J. Schumacher, and M. Buck (2004)
Nucleic Acids Res. 32, 4596-4608
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
RPAP1, a Novel Human RNA Polymerase II-Associated Protein Affinity Purified with Recombinant Wild-Type and Mutated Polymerase Subunits.
C. Jeronimo, M.-F. Langelier, M. Zeghouf, M. Cojocaru, D. Bergeron, D. Baali, D. Forget, S. Mnaimneh, A. P. Davierwala, J. Pootoolal, et al. (2004)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 24, 7043-7058
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Functional Interaction between TFIIB and the Rpb2 Subunit of RNA Polymerase II: Implications for the Mechanism of Transcription Initiation.
B.-S. Chen and M. Hampsey (2004)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 24, 3983-3991
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
An Unsubstituted C2 Hydrogen of Adenine Is Critical and Sufficient at the -11 Position of a Promoter to Signal Base Pair Deformation.
H. J. Lee, H. M. Lim, and S. Adhya (2004)
J. Biol. Chem. 279, 16899-16902
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Properties of Bacillus subtilis {sigma}A Factors with Region 1.1 and the Conserved Arg-103 at the N Terminus of Region 1.2 Deleted.
H.-H. Hsu, W.-C. Huang, J.-P. Chen, L.-Y. Huang, C.-F. Wu, and B.-Y. Chang (2004)
J. Bacteriol. 186, 2366-2375
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Autonomous Function of the Amino-Terminal Inhibitory Domain of TAF1 in Transcriptional Regulation.
S. Takahata, K. Kasahara, M. Kawaichi, and T. Kokubo (2004)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 24, 3089-3099
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The role of RNA polymerase {sigma} subunit in promoter-independent initiation of transcription.
N. Zenkin and K. Severinov (2004)
PNAS 101, 4396-4400
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A regulator that inhibits transcription by targeting an intersubunit interaction of the RNA polymerase holoenzyme.
B. D. Gregory, B. E. Nickels, S. J. Garrity, E. Severinova, L. Minakhin, R. J. Bieber Urbauer, J. L. Urbauer, T. Heyduk, K. Severinov, and A. Hochschild (2004)
PNAS 101, 4554-4559
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Minimal Machinery of RNA Polymerase Holoenzyme Sufficient for Promoter Melting.
B. A. Young, T. M. Gruber, and C. A. Gross (2004)
Science 303, 1382-1384
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Structural Basis of Transcription: An RNA Polymerase II-TFIIB Cocrystal at 4.5 Angstroms.
D. A. Bushnell, K. D. Westover, R. E. Davis, and R. D. Kornberg (2004)
Science 303, 983-988
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Topography of the Euryarchaeal Transcription Initiation Complex.
M. S. Bartlett, M. Thomm, and E. P. Geiduschek (2004)
J. Biol. Chem. 279, 5894-5903
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Photo-Cross-Linking of a Purified Preinitiation Complex Reveals Central Roles for the RNA Polymerase II Mobile Clamp and TFIIE in Initiation Mechanisms.
D. Forget, M.-F. Langelier, C. Therien, V. Trinh, and B. Coulombe (2004)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 24, 1122-1131
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Transcription Factor B Contacts Promoter DNA Near the Transcription Start Site of the Archaeal Transcription Initiation Complex.
M. B. Renfrow, N. Naryshkin, L. M. Lewis, H.-T. Chen, R. H. Ebright, and R. A. Scott (2004)
J. Biol. Chem. 279, 2825-2831
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
An Extended Winged Helix Domain in General Transcription Factor E/IIE{alpha}.
A. Meinhart, J. Blobel, and P. Cramer (2003)
J. Biol. Chem. 278, 48267-48274
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Mutations in rpoBC Suppress the Defects of a Sinorhizobium meliloti relA Mutant.
D. H. Wells and S. R. Long (2003)
J. Bacteriol. 185, 5602-5610
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Thermoirreversible and Thermoreversible Promoter Opening by Two Escherichia coli RNA Polymerase Holoenzymes.
M. Kamali-Moghaddam and E. P. Geiduschek (2003)
J. Biol. Chem. 278, 29701-29709
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Mapping {sigma}54-RNA Polymerase Interactions at the -24 Consensus Promoter Element.
P. C. Burrows, K. Severinov, A. Ishihama, M. Buck, and S. R. Wigneshweraraj (2003)
J. Biol. Chem. 278, 29728-29743
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
RNA polymerase II at initiation.
F. J. Asturias and J. L. Craighead (2003)
PNAS 100, 6893-6895
   Full Text »    PDF »
Architecture of initiation-competent 12-subunit RNA polymerase II.
K.-J. Armache, H. Kettenberger, and P. Cramer (2003)
PNAS 100, 6964-6968
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Complete, 12-subunit RNA polymerase II at 4.1-A resolution: Implications for the initiation of transcription.
D. A. Bushnell and R. D. Kornberg (2003)
PNAS 100, 6969-6973
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
RNA polymerase mutations that impair conversion to a termination-resistant complex by Q antiterminator proteins.
T. J. Santangelo, R. A. Mooney, R. Landick, and J. W. Roberts (2003)
Genes & Dev. 17, 1281-1292
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
An intersubunit contact stimulating transcription initiation by E. coli RNA polymerase: interaction of the alpha C-terminal domain and sigma region 4.
W. Ross, D. A. Schneider, B. J. Paul, A. Mertens, and R. L. Gourse (2003)
Genes & Dev. 17, 1293-1307
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Structure-Function Studies of Escherichia coli RpoH ({sigma}32) by In Vitro Linker Insertion Mutagenesis.
F. Narberhaus and S. Balsiger (2003)
J. Bacteriol. 185, 2731-2738
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Loss of the Rpb4/Rpb7 Subcomplex in a Mutant Form of the Rpb6 Subunit Shared by RNA Polymerases I, II, and III.
Q. Tan, M. H. Prysak, and N. A. Woychik (2003)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 23, 3329-3338
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
In Vitro Properties of RpoS ({sigma}S) Mutants of Escherichia coli with Postulated N-Terminal Subregion 1.1 or C-Terminal Region 4 Deleted.
J. Gowrishankar, K. Yamamoto, P. R. Subbarayan, and A. Ishihama (2003)
J. Bacteriol. 185, 2673-2679
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The FecI Extracytoplasmic-Function Sigma Factor of Escherichia coli Interacts with the {beta}' Subunit of RNA Polymerase.
S. Mahren and V. Braun (2003)
J. Bacteriol. 185, 1796-1802
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Luminescence Resonance Energy Transfer-Based High-Throughput Screening Assay for Inhibitors of Essential Protein-Protein Interactions in Bacterial RNA Polymerase.
V. Bergendahl, T. Heyduk, and R. R. Burgess (2003)
Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 69, 1492-1498
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Mutational and Functional Analysis of a Segment of the Sigma Family Bacteriophage T4 Late Promoter Recognition Protein gp55.
K. Wong, G. A. Kassavetis, J.-P. Leonetti, and E. P. Geiduschek (2003)
J. Biol. Chem. 278, 7073-7080
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Multiple Roles of the RNA Polymerase beta Subunit Flap Domain in sigma 54-Dependent Transcription.
S. R. Wigneshweraraj, K. Kuznedelov, K. Severinov, and M. Buck (2003)
J. Biol. Chem. 278, 3455-3465
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Role of the Alarmone (p)ppGpp in sigma N Competition for Core RNA Polymerase.
A. D. Laurie, L. M. D. Bernardo, C. C. Sze, E. Skarfstad, A. Szalewska-Palasz, T. Nystrom, and V. Shingler (2003)
J. Biol. Chem. 278, 1494-1503
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Mutations of Bacterial RNA Polymerase Leading to Resistance to Microcin J25.
J. Yuzenkova, M. Delgado, S. Nechaev, D. Savalia, V. Epshtein, I. Artsimovitch, R. A. Mooney, R. Landick, R. N. Farias, R. Salomon, et al. (2002)
J. Biol. Chem. 277, 50867-50875
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Conformational Flexibility in sigma 70 Region 2 during Transcription Initiation.
L. C. Anthony and R. R. Burgess (2002)
J. Biol. Chem. 277, 46433-46441
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Downstream DNA Jaw of Bacterial RNA Polymerase Facilitates Both Transcriptional Initiation and Pausing.
J. Ederth, I. Artsimovitch, L. A. Isaksson, and R. Landick (2002)
J. Biol. Chem. 277, 37456-37463
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
DnaK-Sigma 32 Interaction Is Temperature-dependent. IMPLICATION FOR THE MECHANISM OF HEAT SHOCK RESPONSE.
R. Chattopadhyay and S. Roy (2002)
J. Biol. Chem. 277, 33641-33647
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Structural Basis of Transcription Initiation: An RNA Polymerase Holoenzyme-DNA Complex.
K. S. Murakami, S. Masuda, E. A. Campbell, O. Muzzin, and S. A. Darst (2002)
Science 296, 1285-1290
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »


To Advertise     Find Products

Science. ISSN 0036-8075 (print), 1095-9203 (online)