Note to users. If you're seeing this message, it means that your browser cannot find this page's style/presentation instructions -- or possibly that you are using a browser that does not support current Web standards. Find out more about why this message is appearing, and what you can do to make your experience of our site the best it can be.
Applied Biosystems - Cells to CT

Site Tools

  • AAAS
  • Subscribe
  • Feedback

Site Search

Search Advanced

Science 17 May 2002:
Vol. 296. no. 5571, pp. 1263 - 1265
DOI: 10.1126/science.1072148
Prev | Table of Contents | Next

Viewpoint

RNA Silencing: The Genome's Immune System

Ronald H. A. Plasterk

Genomes are databases sensitive to invasion by viruses. In recent years, a defense mechanism has been discovered, which turns out to be conserved among eukaryotes. The system can be compared to the immune system in several ways: It has specificity against foreign elements and the ability to amplify and raise a massive response against an invading nucleic acid. The latter property is beginning to be understood at the molecular level.

Hubrecht Laboratory, Centre for Biomedical Genetics, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, Netherlands. E-mail: Plasterk{at}niob.knaw.nl

Read the Full Text


THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES:
Dual coding of siRNAs and miRNAs by plant transposable elements.
J. Piriyapongsa and I. K. Jordan (2008)
RNA 14, 814-821
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Knockdown of TNFR1 by the sense strand of an ICAM-1 siRNA: dissection of an off-target effect.
P. R. Clark, J. S. Pober, and M. S. Kluger (2008)
Nucleic Acids Res. 36, 1081-1097
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Gfra1 Silencing in Mouse Spermatogonial Stem Cells Results in Their Differentiation Via the Inactivation of RET Tyrosine Kinase.
Z. He, J. Jiang, M.-C. Hofmann, and M. Dym (2007)
Biol Reprod 77, 723-733
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Knockdown of Actin and Caspase Gene Expression by RNA Interference in the Symbiotic Anemone Aiptasia pallida.
S. R. Dunn, W. S. Phillips, D. R. Green, and V. M. Weis (2007)
Biol. Bull. 212, 250-258
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Molecular Bases of Viral RNA Targeting by Viral Small Interfering RNA-Programmed RISC.
V. Pantaleo, G. Szittya, and J. Burgyan (2007)
J. Virol. 81, 3797-3806
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Low Impact of Germline Transposition on the Rate of Mildly Deleterious Mutation in Caenorhabditis elegans.
M. Begin and D. J. Schoen (2006)
Genetics 174, 2129-2136
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Moving forward in determining the causes of mutations: the features of plants that make them suitable for assessing the impact of environmental factors and cell age.
C-A Whittle and M. Johnston (2006)
J. Exp. Bot. 57, 1847-1855
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
MicroRNA-Guided Processing Impairs Plum Pox Virus Replication, but the Virus Readily Evolves To Escape This Silencing Mechanism.
C. Simon-Mateo and J. A. Garcia (2006)
J. Virol. 80, 2429-2436
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The global regulator H-NS acts directly on the transpososome to promote Tn10 transposition.
S. J. Wardle, M. O'Carroll, K. M. Derbyshire, and D. B. Haniford (2005)
Genes & Dev. 19, 2224-2235
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
RNA Silencing of Single and Multiple Members in a Gene Family of Rice.
D. Miki, R. Itoh, and K. Shimamoto (2005)
Plant Physiology 138, 1903-1913
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Plant Virus-Derived Small Interfering RNAs Originate Predominantly from Highly Structured Single-Stranded Viral RNAs.
A. Molnar, T. Csorba, L. Lakatos, E. Varallyay, C. Lacomme, and J. Burgyan (2005)
J. Virol. 79, 7812-7818
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Genome-Wide Analysis of Chromosomal Features Repressing Human Immunodeficiency Virus Transcription.
M. K. Lewinski, D. Bisgrove, P. Shinn, H. Chen, C. Hoffmann, S. Hannenhalli, E. Verdin, C. C. Berry, J. R. Ecker, and F. D. Bushman (2005)
J. Virol. 79, 6610-6619
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Small Sense and Antisense RNAs Derived from a Telomeric Retroposon Family in Giardia intestinalis.
E. Ullu, H. D. Lujan, and C. Tschudi (2005)
Eukaryot. Cell 4, 1155-1157
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The end of "naive reductionism": rise of systems biology or renaissance of physiology?.
K. Strange (2005)
Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 288, C968-C974
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
siRNA Produced by Recombinant Dicer Mediates Efficient Gene Silencing in Islet Cells.
R. HAGERKVIST, D. MOKHTARI, J. W. MYERS, A. TENGHOLM, and N. WELSH (2005)
Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1040, 114-122
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Decay of mRNAs targeted by RISC requires XRN1, the Ski complex, and the exosome.
T. I. ORBAN and E. IZAURRALDE (2005)
RNA 11, 459-469
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Silencing of CXCR4 Blocks Breast Cancer Metastasis.
Z. Liang, Y. Yoon, J. Votaw, M. M. Goodman, L. Williams, and H. Shim (2005)
Cancer Res. 65, 967-971
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Elimination of Foreign DNA during Somatic Differentiation in Tetrahymena thermophila Shows Position Effect and Is Dosage Dependent.
Y. Liu, X. Song, M. A. Gorovsky, and K. M. Karrer (2005)
Eukaryot. Cell 4, 421-431
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The First Steps of Transposable Elements Invasion: Parasitic Strategy vs. Genetic Drift.
A. Le Rouzic and P. Capy (2005)
Genetics 169, 1033-1043
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Evolution of DNA Sequence Nonhomologies among Maize Inbreds.
S. Brunner, K. Fengler, M. Morgante, S. Tingey, and A. Rafalski (2005)
PLANT CELL 17, 343-360
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
RDE-2 interacts with MUT-7 to mediate RNA interference in Caenorhabditis elegans.
B. B. J. Tops, H. Tabara, T. Sijen, F. Simmer, C. C. Mello, R. H. A. Plasterk, and R. F. Ketting (2005)
Nucleic Acids Res. 33, 347-355
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Short Internal Sequences Involved in Replication and Virion Accumulation in a Subviral RNA of Turnip Crinkle Virus.
X. Sun, G. Zhang, and A. E. Simon (2005)
J. Virol. 79, 512-524
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
siRNAs targeting an intronic transposon in the regulation of natural flowering behavior in Arabidopsis.
J. Liu, Y. He, R. Amasino, and X. Chen (2004)
Genes & Dev. 18, 2873-2878
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
RNAi: Finding the elusive endonuclease.
A. LINGEL and E. IZAURRALDE (2004)
RNA 10, 1675-1679
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Effects of Length and Location on the Cellular Response to Double-Stranded RNA.
Q. Wang and G. G. Carmichael (2004)
Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 68, 432-452
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Differential Roles of AC2 and AC4 of Cassava Geminiviruses in Mediating Synergism and Suppression of Posttranscriptional Gene Silencing.
R. Vanitharani, P. Chellappan, J. S. Pita, and C. M. Fauquet (2004)
J. Virol. 78, 9487-9498
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Novel and Stress-Regulated MicroRNAs and Other Small RNAs from Arabidopsis.
R. Sunkar and J.-K. Zhu (2004)
PLANT CELL 16, 2001-2019
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Viral Virulence Protein Suppresses RNA Silencing-Mediated Defense but Upregulates the Role of MicroRNA in Host Gene Expression.
J. Chen, W. X. Li, D. Xie, J. R. Peng, and S. W. Ding (2004)
PLANT CELL 16, 1302-1313
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Human influenza virus NS1 protein enhances viral pathogenicity and acts as an RNA silencing suppressor in plants.
M. O. Delgadillo, P. Saenz, B. Salvador, J. A. Garcia, and C. Simon-Mateo (2004)
J. Gen. Virol. 85, 993-999
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Tissue-Specific Gene Silencing Mediated by a Naturally Occurring Chalcone Synthase Gene Cluster in Glycine max.
J. H. Tuteja, S. J. Clough, W.-C. Chan, and L. O. Vodkin (2004)
PLANT CELL 16, 819-835
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Histone H3 lysine 9 methylation is required for DNA elimination in developing macronuclei in Tetrahymena.
Y. Liu, K. Mochizuki, and M. A. Gorovsky (2004)
PNAS 101, 1679-1684
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Nonspecific, concentration-dependent stimulation and repression of mammalian gene expression by small interfering RNAs (siRNAs).
S. P. PERSENGIEV, X. ZHU, and M. R. GREEN (2004)
RNA 10, 12-18
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Meiotic transmission of epigenetic changes in the cell-division factor requirement of plant cells.
F. Meins Jr and M. Thomas (2003)
Development 130, 6201-6208
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The small RNA world.
E. J. Finnegan and M. A. Matzke (2003)
J. Cell Sci. 116, 4689-4693
   Full Text »    PDF »
Adenosine Kinase Is Inactivated by Geminivirus AL2 and L2 Proteins.
H. Wang, L. Hao, C.-Y. Shung, G. Sunter, and D. M. Bisaro (2003)
PLANT CELL 15, 3020-3032
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Identification and Characterization of Phytoplasmal Genes, Employing a Novel Method of Isolating Phytoplasmal Genomic DNA.
S. Melamed, E. Tanne, R. Ben-Haim, O. Edelbaum, D. Yogev, and I. Sela (2003)
J. Bacteriol. 185, 6513-6521
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Tomato Mosaic Virus Replication Protein Suppresses Virus-Targeted Posttranscriptional Gene Silencing.
K. Kubota, S. Tsuda, A. Tamai, and T. Meshi (2003)
J. Virol. 77, 11016-11026
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
RNA Silencing in Surgical Disease.
J. Arya, J. Y. Cha, A. Banerjee, and A. H. Harken (2003)
Arch Surg 138, 1145-1147
   Full Text »    PDF »
Mathematical models of RNA silencing: Unidirectional amplification limits accidental self-directed reactions.
C. T. Bergstrom, E. McKittrick, and R. Antia (2003)
PNAS 100, 11511-11516
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Fitness of a Turnip Crinkle Virus Satellite RNA Correlates with a Sequence-Nonspecific Hairpin and Flanking Sequences That Enhance Replication and Repress the Accumulation of Virions.
X. Sun and A. E. Simon (2003)
J. Virol. 77, 7880-7889
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Sustained Small Interfering RNA-Mediated Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Inhibition in Primary Macrophages.
E. Song, S.-K. Lee, D. M. Dykxhoorn, C. Novina, D. Zhang, K. Crawford, J. Cerny, P. A. Sharp, J. Lieberman, N Manjunath, et al. (2003)
J. Virol. 77, 7174-7181
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Inducible Systemic RNA Silencing in Caenorhabditis elegans.
L. Timmons, H. Tabara, C. C. Mello, and A. Z. Fire (2003)
Mol. Biol. Cell 14, 2972-2983
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Similar behaviour of single-strand and double-strand siRNAs suggests they act through a common RNAi pathway.
T. Holen, M. Amarzguioui, E. Babaie, and H. Prydz (2003)
Nucleic Acids Res. 31, 2401-2407
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Independent combinatorial effect of antisense oligonucleotides and RNAi-mediated specific inhibition of the recombinant Rat P2X3 receptor.
M. Hemmings-Mieszczak, G. Dorn, F. J. Natt, J. Hall, and W. L. Wishart (2003)
Nucleic Acids Res. 31, 2117-2126
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Double-stranded RNA-binding proteins could suppress RNA interference-mediated antiviral defences.
Z. Lichner, D. Silhavy, and J. Burgyan (2003)
J. Gen. Virol. 84, 975-980
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Specific Inhibition of AQP1 Water Channels in Isolated Rat Intrahepatic Bile Duct Units by Small Interfering RNAs.
P. L. Splinter, A. I. Masyuk, and N. F. LaRusso (2003)
J. Biol. Chem. 278, 6268-6274
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Maize Genome Contains a Helitron Insertion.
S. K. Lal, M. J. Giroux, V. Brendel, C. E. Vallejos, and L. C. Hannah (2003)
PLANT CELL 15, 381-391
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Tolerance for mutations and chemical modifications in a siRNA.
M. Amarzguioui, T. Holen, E. Babaie, and H. Prydz (2003)
Nucleic Acids Res. 31, 589-595
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
An Integrated Physical and Gene Map of the 3.5-Mb Chromosome 3p21.3 (AP20) Region Implicated in Major Human Epithelial Malignancies.
A. Protopopov, V. Kashuba, V. I. Zabarovska, O. V. Muravenko, M. I. Lerman, G. Klein, and E. R. Zabarovsky (2003)
Cancer Res. 63, 404-412
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A biochemical framework for RNA silencing in plants.
G. Tang, B. J. Reinhart, D. P. Bartel, and P. D. Zamore (2003)
Genes & Dev. 17, 49-63
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Coat Protein of Turnip Crinkle Virus Suppresses Posttranscriptional Gene Silencing at an Early Initiation Step.
F. Qu, T. Ren, and T. J. Morris (2002)
J. Virol. 77, 511-522
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A microRNA in a Multiple-Turnover RNAi Enzyme Complex.
G. Hutvagner and P. D. Zamore (2002)
Science 297, 2056-2060
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »


ADVERTISEMENT
Click Me!

ADVERTISEMENT
Click Me!

To Advertise     Find Products