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Science 12 April 2002:
Vol. 296. no. 5566, pp. 340 - 343
DOI: 10.1126/science.1068996
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Reports

Intra- and Interspecific Variation in Primate Gene Expression Patterns

Wolfgang Enard,1* Philipp Khaitovich,1* Joachim Klose,2 Sebastian Zöllner,1 Florian Heissig,1 Patrick Giavalisco,3 Kay Nieselt-Struwe,4 Elaine Muchmore,56 Ajit Varki,5 Rivka Ravid,7 Gaby M. Doxiadis,8 Ronald E. Bontrop,8 Svante Pääbo1dagger

Although humans and their closest evolutionary relatives, the chimpanzees, are 98.7% identical in their genomic DNA sequences, they differ in many morphological, behavioral, and cognitive aspects. The underlying genetic basis of many of these differences may be altered gene expression. We have compared the transcriptome in blood leukocytes, liver, and brain of humans, chimpanzees, orangutans, and macaques using microarrays, as well as protein expression patterns of humans and chimpanzees using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. We also studied three mouse species that are approximately as related to each other as are humans, chimpanzees, and orangutans. We identified species-specific gene expression patterns indicating that changes in protein and gene expression have been particularly pronounced in the human brain.

1 Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Inselstrasse 22, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
2 Institut fuer Humangenetik Charité, D-13353 Berlin, Germany.
3 Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Genetics, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
4 Max-Planck-Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany.
5 University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
6 VA Medical Center, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
7 The Netherlands Brain Bank, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
8 Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, the Netherlands.
*   These authors contributed equally to this work.

dagger    To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: paabo{at}eva.mpg.de

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