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Science 12 April 2002:
Vol. 296. no. 5566, pp. 298 - 300
DOI: 10.1126/science.1068883
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Decoding the Patterns of Self and Nonself by the Innate Immune System

Ruslan Medzhitov,* Charles A. Janeway Jr.

The innate immune system evolved several strategies of self/nonself discrimination that are based on the recognition of molecular patterns demarcating infectious nonself, as well as normal and abnormal self. These patterns are deciphered by receptors that either induce or inhibit an immune response, depending on the meaning of these signals.

Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Section of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
*   To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: ruslan.medzhitov{at}yale.edu

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Quantifying the relevance of different mediators in the human immune cell network.
P. Tieri, S. Valensin, V. Latora, G. C. Castellani, M. Marchiori, D. Remondini, and C. Franceschi (2005)
Bioinformatics 21, 1639-1643
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Negative Regulation of Phagocytosis in Macrophages by the CD47-SHPS-1 System.
H. Okazawa, S.-i. Motegi, N. Ohyama, H. Ohnishi, T. Tomizawa, Y. Kaneko, P.-A. Oldenborg, O. Ishikawa, and T. Matozaki (2005)
J. Immunol. 174, 2004-2011
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Spontaneous Ocular Surface Inflammation and Goblet Cell Disappearance in I{kappa}B{zeta} Gene-Disrupted Mice.
M. Ueta, J. Hamuro, M. Yamamoto, K. Kaseda, S. Akira, and S. Kinoshita (2005)
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 46, 579-588
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Crystal structure of a peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP) in complex with a muramyl tripeptide from Gram-positive bacteria.
R. Guan, A. Roychowdury, B. Ember, S. Kumar, G.-J. Boons, and R. A. Mariuzza (2005)
Innate Immunity 11, 41-46
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Structural basis for peptidoglycan binding by peptidoglycan recognition proteins.
R. Guan, A. Roychowdhury, B. Ember, S. Kumar, G.-J. Boons, and R. A. Mariuzza (2004)
PNAS 101, 17168-17173
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Innate Immunity of the Sinonasal Cavity: Expression of Messenger RNA for Complement Cascade Components and Toll-like Receptors.
J. VanderMeer, Q. Sha, A. P. Lane, and R. P. Schleimer (2004)
Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 130, 1374-1380
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Pathogen-Induced Apoptotic Neutrophils Express Heat Shock Proteins and Elicit Activation of Human Macrophages.
L. Zheng, M. He, M. Long, R. Blomgran, and O. Stendahl (2004)
J. Immunol. 173, 6319-6326
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Microbial Factor-Mediated Development in a Host-Bacterial Mutualism.
T. A. Koropatnick, J. T. Engle, M. A. Apicella, E. V. Stabb, W. E. Goldman, and M. J. McFall-Ngai (2004)
Science 306, 1186-1188
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
From The Cover: Innate immunity in Arabidopsis thaliana: Lipopolysaccharides activate nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and induce defense genes.
D. Zeidler, U. Zahringer, I. Gerber, I. Dubery, T. Hartung, W. Bors, P. Hutzler, and J. Durner (2004)
PNAS 101, 15811-15816
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A totally synthetic vaccine of generic structure that targets Toll-like receptor 2 on dendritic cells and promotes antibody or cytotoxic T cell responses.
D. C. Jackson, Y. F. Lau, T. Le, A. Suhrbier, G. Deliyannis, C. Cheers, C. Smith, W. Zeng, and L. E. Brown (2004)
PNAS 101, 15440-15445
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
RNA Interference Targeting Transforming Growth Factor-{beta} Enhances NKG2D-Mediated Antiglioma Immune Response, Inhibits Glioma Cell Migration and Invasiveness, and Abrogates Tumorigenicity In vivo.
M. A. Friese, J. Wischhusen, W. Wick, M. Weiler, G. Eisele, A. Steinle, and M. Weller (2004)
Cancer Res. 64, 7596-7603
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Differential Expression of Toll-Like Receptors 2 and 4 in Tissues of the Human Female Reproductive Tract.
P. A. Pioli, E. Amiel, T. M. Schaefer, J. E. Connolly, C. R. Wira, and P. M. Guyre (2004)
Infect. Immun. 72, 5799-5806
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Activation of TBK1 and IKK{varepsilon} Kinases by Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Infection and the Role of Viral Ribonucleoprotein in the Development of Interferon Antiviral Immunity.
B. R. tenOever, S. Sharma, W. Zou, Q. Sun, N. Grandvaux, I. Julkunen, H. Hemmi, M. Yamamoto, S. Akira, W.-C. Yeh, et al. (2004)
J. Virol. 78, 10636-10649
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