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Science 5 April 2002: Vol. 296. no. 5565, pp. 69 - 72 DOI: 10.1126/science.296.5565.69
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Review
Breeding Together: Kin Selection and Mutualism in Cooperative Vertebrates
Tim Clutton-Brock
In cooperatively breeding vertebrates, nonbreeding helpers raise
young produced by dominant breeders. Although the evolution of
cooperative breeding has often been attributed primarily to kin
selection (whereby individuals gain "indirect" benefits to their
fitness by assisting collateral relatives), there is increasing evidence that helpers can be unrelated to the young they are raising. Recent studies also suggest that the indirect benefits of cooperative behavior may often have been overestimated while the direct benefits of
helping to the helper's own fitness have probably been underestimated. It now seems likely that the evolutionary mechanisms maintaining cooperative breeding are diverse and that, in some species, the direct
benefits of helping may be sufficient to maintain cooperative societies. The benefits of cooperation in vertebrate societies may
consequently show parallels with those in human societies, where
cooperation between unrelated individuals is frequent and social
institutions are often maintained by generalized reciprocity.
Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street,
Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK. E-mail: thcb{at}hermes.cam.ac.uk
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