Note to users. If you're seeing this message, it means that your browser cannot find this page's style/presentation instructions -- or possibly that you are using a browser that does not support current Web standards. Find out more about why this message is appearing, and what you can do to make your experience of our site the best it can be.

Site Tools

  • AAAS
  • Subscribe
  • Feedback

Site Search

Search Advanced

Originally published in Science Express on 14 February 2002
Science 8 March 2002:
Vol. 295. no. 5561, pp. 1895 - 1897
DOI: 10.1126/science.1069300
Prev | Table of Contents | Next

Reports

Regulation of Corepressor Function by Nuclear NADH

Qinghong Zhang,1 David W. Piston,2 Richard H. Goodman1*

The corepressor CtBP (carboxyl-terminal binding protein) is involved in transcriptional pathways important for development, cell cycle regulation, and transformation. We demonstrate that CtBP binding to cellular and viral transcriptional repressors is regulated by the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotides NAD+ and NADH, with NADH being two to three orders of magnitude more effective. Levels of free nuclear nicotinamide adenine dinucleotides, determined using two-photon microscopy, correspond to the levels required for half-maximal CtBP binding and are considerably lower than those previously reported. Agents capable of increasing NADH levels stimulate CtBP binding to its partners in vivo and potentiate CtBP-mediated repression. We propose that this ability to detect changes in nuclear NAD+/NADH ratio allows CtBP to serve as a redox sensor for transcription.

1 Vollum Institute, Oregon Health Sciences University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97201, USA.
2 Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, 702 Light Hall, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
*   To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: goodmanr{at}ohsu.edu

Read the Full Text


THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES:
A Redox-Mediated Modulation of Stem Bolting in Transgenic Nicotiana sylvestris Differentially Expressing the External Mitochondrial NADPH Dehydrogenase.
Y.-J. Liu, A. Nunes-Nesi, S. V. Wallstrom, I. Lager, A. M. Michalecka, F. E.B. Norberg, S. Widell, K. M. Fredlund, A. R. Fernie, and A. G. Rasmusson (2009)
Plant Physiology 150, 1248-1259
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Molecular mechanism of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation by PARP1 and identification of lysine residues as ADP-ribose acceptor sites.
M. Altmeyer, S. Messner, P. O. Hassa, M. Fey, and M. O. Hottiger (2009)
Nucleic Acids Res. 37, 3723-3738
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
hSirT1-Dependent Regulation of the PCAF-E2F1-p73 Apoptotic Pathway in Response to DNA Damage.
N. Pediconi, F. Guerrieri, S. Vossio, T. Bruno, L. Belloni, V. Schinzari, C. Scisciani, M. Fanciulli, and M. Levrero (2009)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 29, 1989-1998
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The conserved NAD(H)-dependent corepressor CTBP-1 regulates Caenorhabditis elegans life span.
S. Chen, J. R. Whetstine, S. Ghosh, J. A. Hanover, R. R. Gali, P. Grosu, and Y. Shi (2009)
PNAS 106, 1496-1501
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Transcriptional Corepressor CtBP: A Foe of Multiple Tumor Suppressors.
G. Chinnadurai (2009)
Cancer Res. 69, 731-734
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Histone 2B (H2B) Expression Is Confined to a Proper NAD+/NADH Redox Status.
R.-P. Dai, F.-X. Yu, S.-R. Goh, H.-W. Chng, Y.-L. Tan, J.-L. Fu, L. Zheng, and Y. Luo (2008)
J. Biol. Chem. 283, 26894-26901
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Identification of a Second CtBP Binding Site in Adenovirus Type 5 E1A Conserved Region 3.
R. K. Bruton, P. Pelka, K. L. Mapp, G. J. Fonseca, J. Torchia, A. S. Turnell, J. S. Mymryk, and R. J. A. Grand (2008)
J. Virol. 82, 8476-8486
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Dinucleotide-Sensing Proteins: Linking Signaling Networks and Regulating Transcription.
H. K. Lamb, D. K. Stammers, and A. R. Hawkins (2008)
Science Signaling 1, pe38
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
dLKR/SDH regulates hormone-mediated histone arginine methylation and transcription of cell death genes.
D. Cakouros, K. Mills, D. Denton, A. Paterson, T. Daish, and S. Kumar (2008)
J. Cell Biol. 182, 481-495
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Multiple RIBEYE-RIBEYE Interactions Create a Dynamic Scaffold for the Formation of Synaptic Ribbons.
V. G. Magupalli, K. Schwarz, K. Alpadi, S. Natarajan, G. M. Seigel, and F. Schmitz (2008)
J. Neurosci. 28, 7954-7967
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Targeted Disruption of the Basic Kruppel-Like Factor Gene (Klf3) Reveals a Role in Adipogenesis.
N. Sue, B. H. A. Jack, S. A. Eaton, R. C. M. Pearson, A. P. W. Funnell, J. Turner, R. Czolij, G. Denyer, S. Bao, J. C. Molero-Navajas, et al. (2008)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 28, 3967-3978
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Recent Advances in Nitrogen Regulation: a Comparison between Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Filamentous Fungi.
K. H. Wong, M. J. Hynes, and M. A. Davis (2008)
Eukaryot. Cell 7, 917-925
   Full Text »    PDF »
Molecular determinants of brown adipocyte formation and function.
S. R. Farmer (2008)
Genes & Dev. 22, 1269-1275
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
An NADPH Sensor Protein (HSCARG) Down-regulates Nitric Oxide Synthesis by Association with Argininosuccinate Synthetase and Is Essential for Epithelial Cell Viability.
Y. Zhao, J. Zhang, H. Li, Y. Li, J. Ren, M. Luo, and X. Zheng (2008)
J. Biol. Chem. 283, 11004-11013
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Phosphorylation of CtBP1 by cAMP-dependent Protein Kinase Modulates Induction of CYP17 by Stimulating Partnering of CtBP1 and 2.
E. B. Dammer and M. B. Sewer (2008)
J. Biol. Chem. 283, 6925-6934
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Corepressor CtBP and Nuclear Speckle Protein Pnn/DRS Differentially Modulate Transcription and Splicing of the E-Cadherin Gene.
R. Alpatov, Y. Shi, G. C. Munguba, B. Moghimi, J.-H. Joo, J. Bungert, and S. P. Sugrue (2008)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 28, 1584-1595
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Role of the PLDLS-Binding Cleft Region of CtBP1 in Recruitment of Core and Auxiliary Components of the Corepressor Complex.
M. Kuppuswamy, S. Vijayalingam, L.-J. Zhao, Y. Zhou, T. Subramanian, J. Ryerse, and G. Chinnadurai (2008)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 28, 269-281
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A reduction state potentiates the glucocorticoid response through receptor protein stabilization..
H. Kitagawa, I. Yamaoka, C. Akimoto, I. Kase, Y. Mezaki, T. Shimizu, and S. Kato (2007)
Genes Cells 12, 1281-1287
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
DNA Binding Suppresses Human AIF-M2 Activity and Provides a Connection between Redox Chemistry, Reactive Oxygen Species, and Apoptosis.
M. Gong, S. Hay, K. R. Marshall, A. W. Munro, and N. S. Scrutton (2007)
J. Biol. Chem. 282, 30331-30340
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Alternative Reading Frame Tumor Suppressor Antagonizes Hypoxia-Induced Cancer Cell Migration via Interaction with the COOH-Terminal Binding Protein Corepressor.
S. Paliwal, R. C. Kovi, B. Nath, Y.-W. Chen, B. C. Lewis, and S. R. Grossman (2007)
Cancer Res. 67, 9322-9329
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Does Glucocorticoid Receptor Blockade Exacerbate Tissue Damage after Mineralocorticoid/Salt Administration?.
A. J. Rickard, J. W. Funder, J. Morgan, P. J. Fuller, and M. J. Young (2007)
Endocrinology 148, 4829-4835
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Evidence that Mono-ADP-Ribosylation of CtBP1/BARS Regulates Lipid Storage.
R. Bartz, J. Seemann, J. K. Zehmer, G. Serrero, K. D. Chapman, R. G.W. Anderson, and P. Liu (2007)
Mol. Biol. Cell 18, 3015-3025
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Restructuring of the dinucleotide-binding fold in an NADP(H) sensor protein.
X. Zheng, X. Dai, Y. Zhao, Q. Chen, F. Lu, D. Yao, Q. Yu, X. Liu, C. Zhang, X. Gu, et al. (2007)
PNAS 104, 8809-8814
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A Novel Corepressor, BCoR-L1, Represses Transcription through an Interaction with CtBP.
J. K. Pagan, J. Arnold, K. J. Hanchard, R. Kumar, T. Bruno, M. J. K. Jones, D. J. Richard, A. Forrest, A. Spurdle, E. Verdin, et al. (2007)
J. Biol. Chem. 282, 15248-15257
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Regulation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 activity by the phosphorylation state of the nuclear NAD biosynthetic enzyme NMN adenylyl transferase 1.
F. Berger, C. Lau, and M. Ziegler (2007)
PNAS 104, 3765-3770
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Coregulator Exchange and Sphingosine-Sensitive Cooperativity of Steroidogenic Factor-1, General Control Nonderepressed 5, p54, and p160 Coactivators Regulate Cyclic Adenosine 3',5'-Monophosphate-Dependent Cytochrome P450c17 Transcription Rate.
E. B. Dammer, A. Leon, and M. B. Sewer (2007)
Mol. Endocrinol. 21, 415-438
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Regulation of redox metabolism in the mouse oocyte and embryo.
R. Dumollard, Z. Ward, J. Carroll, and M. R. Duchen (2007)
Development 134, 455-465
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Metabolic regulation of SIRT1 transcription via a HIC1:CtBP corepressor complex.
Q. Zhang, S.-Y. Wang, C. Fleuriel, D. Leprince, J. V. Rocheleau, D. W. Piston, and R. H. Goodman (2007)
PNAS 104, 829-833
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Properties, Entrainment, and Physiological Functions of Mammalian Peripheral Oscillators.
M. Stratmann and U. Schibler (2006)
J Biol Rhythms 21, 494-506
   Abstract »    PDF »
Hypoxia Regulates Bone Morphogenetic Protein Signaling Through C-Terminal-Binding Protein 1.
X. Wu, M. S. Chang, S. A. Mitsialis, and S. Kourembanas (2006)
Circ. Res. 99, 240-247
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Mechanisms Directing the Nuclear Localization of the CtBP Family Proteins..
A. Verger, K. G. R. Quinlan, L. A. Crofts, S. Spano, D. Corda, E. P. W. Kable, F. Braet, and M. Crossley (2006)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 26, 4882-4894
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Redox sensor CtBP mediates hypoxia-induced tumor cell migration.
Q. Zhang, S.-Y. Wang, A. C. Nottke, J. V. Rocheleau, D. W. Piston, and R. H. Goodman (2006)
PNAS 103, 9029-9033
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
NAD(P) synthesis and pyridine nucleotide cycling in plants and their potential importance in stress conditions.
G. Noctor, G. Queval, and B. Gakiere (2006)
J. Exp. Bot. 57, 1603-1620
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Comparative Genomics of NAD Biosynthesis in Cyanobacteria..
S. Y. Gerdes, O. V. Kurnasov, K. Shatalin, B. Polanuyer, R. Sloutsky, V. Vonstein, R. Overbeek, and A. L. Osterman (2006)
J. Bacteriol. 188, 3012-3023
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
MafA Expression and Insulin Promoter Activity Are Induced by Nicotinamide and Related Compounds in INS-1 Pancreatic {beta}-Cells.
D. Z. Ye, M.-H. Tai, K. D. Linning, C. Szabo, and L. K. Olson (2006)
Diabetes 55, 742-750
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Acetylation by p300 Regulates Nuclear Localization and Function of the Transcriptional Corepressor CtBP2.
L.-J. Zhao, T. Subramanian, Y. Zhou, and G. Chinnadurai (2006)
J. Biol. Chem. 281, 4183-4189
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Identification of the Mitochondrial NAD+ Transporter in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
S. Todisco, G. Agrimi, A. Castegna, and F. Palmieri (2006)
J. Biol. Chem. 281, 1524-1531
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Functional Interaction between the Drosophila Knirps Short Range Transcriptional Repressor and RPD3 Histone Deacetylase.
P. Struffi and D. N. Arnosti (2005)
J. Biol. Chem. 280, 40757-40765
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The superoxide-producing NAD(P)H oxidase Nox4 in the nucleus of human vascular endothelial cells.
J. Kuroda, K. Nakagawa, T. Yamasaki, K.-i. Nakamura, R. Takeya, F. Kuribayashi, S. Imajoh-Ohmi, K. Igarashi, Y. Shibata, K. Sueishi, et al. (2005)
Genes Cells 10, 1139-1151
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Redox-Dependent Transcriptional Regulation.
H. Liu, R. Colavitti, I. I. Rovira, and T. Finkel (2005)
Circ. Res. 97, 967-974
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Temporal changes of multiple redox couples from proliferation to growth arrest in IEC-6 intestinal epithelial cells.
M. S. Attene-Ramos, K. Kitiphongspattana, K. Ishii-Schrade, and H. R. Gaskins (2005)
Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 289, C1220-C1228
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A Mechanism of COOH-Terminal Binding Protein-Mediated Repression.
A. R. Meloni, C.-H. Lai, T.-P. Yao, and J. R. Nevins (2005)
Mol. Cancer Res. 3, 575-583
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A local mechanism mediates NAD-dependent protection of axon degeneration.
J. Wang, Q. Zhai, Y. Chen, E. Lin, W. Gu, M. W. McBurney, and Z. He (2005)
J. Cell Biol. 170, 349-355
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Conformational Dependence of Intracellular NADH on Metabolic State Revealed by Associated Fluorescence Anisotropy.
H. D. Vishwasrao, A. A. Heikal, K. A. Kasischke, and W. W. Webb (2005)
J. Biol. Chem. 280, 25119-25126
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Overexpression of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Is Associated with Lipid Dysregulation and Insulin Resistance in Obesity.
J. Park, H. K. Rho, K. H. Kim, S. S. Choe, Y. S. Lee, and J. B. Kim (2005)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 25, 5146-5157
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Minireview: Cellular Redox State Regulates Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Activity and Intracellular Hormone Potency.
A. K. Agarwal and R. J. Auchus (2005)
Endocrinology 146, 2531-2538
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Molecular dissection of the photoreceptor ribbon synapse: physical interaction of Bassoon and RIBEYE is essential for the assembly of the ribbon complex.
S. tom Dieck, W. D. Altrock, M. M. Kessels, B. Qualmann, H. Regus, D. Brauner, A. Fejtova, O. Bracko, E. D. Gundelfinger, and J. H. Brandstatter (2005)
J. Cell Biol. 168, 825-836
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Homeodomain-interacting protein kinase-2 mediates CtBP phosphorylation and degradation in UV-triggered apoptosis.
Q. Zhang, A. Nottke, and R. H. Goodman (2005)
PNAS 102, 2802-2807
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Differential regulation of voltage-gated K+ channels by oxidized and reduced pyridine nucleotide coenzymes.
S. M. Tipparaju, N. Saxena, S.-Q. Liu, R. Kumar, and A. Bhatnagar (2005)
Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 288, C366-C376
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Nuclear Speckle-Associated Protein Pnn/DRS Binds to the Transcriptional Corepressor CtBP and Relieves CtBP- Mediated Repression of the E-Cadherin Gene.
R. Alpatov, G. C. Munguba, P. Caton, J. H. Joo, Y. Shi, Y. Shi, M. E. Hunt, and S. P. Sugrue (2004)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 24, 10223-10235
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Coenzyme Specificity of Sir2 Protein Deacetylases: IMPLICATIONS FOR PHYSIOLOGICAL REGULATION.
M. T. Schmidt, B. C. Smith, M. D. Jackson, and J. M. Denu (2004)
J. Biol. Chem. 279, 40122-40129
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Quantitative NAD(P)H/Flavoprotein Autofluorescence Imaging Reveals Metabolic Mechanisms of Pancreatic Islet Pyruvate Response.
J. V. Rocheleau, W. S. Head, and D. W. Piston (2004)
J. Biol. Chem. 279, 31780-31787
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
CtBP Contributes Quantitatively to Knirps Repression Activity in an NAD Binding-Dependent Manner.
M. Sutrias-Grau and D. N. Arnosti (2004)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 24, 5953-5966
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Diversity in the Sir2 family of protein deacetylases.
S. W. Buck, C. M. Gallo, and J. S. Smith (2004)
J. Leukoc. Biol. 75, 939-950
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Characterization of Four Autonomous Repression Domains in the Corepressor Receptor Interacting Protein 140.
M. Christian, J. M. A. Tullet, and M. G. Parker (2004)
J. Biol. Chem. 279, 15645-15651
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Multiple domains of the Receptor-Interacting Protein 140 contribute to transcription inhibition.
A. Castet, A. Boulahtouf, G. Versini, S. Bonnet, P. Augereau, F. Vignon, S. Khochbin, S. Jalaguier, and V. Cavailles (2004)
Nucleic Acids Res. 32, 1957-1966
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The CtBP2 co-repressor is regulated by NADH-dependent dimerization and possesses a novel N-terminal repression domain.
S. S. C. Thio, J. V. Bonventre, and S. I-H. Hsu (2004)
Nucleic Acids Res. 32, 1836-1847
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
NADH augments blood flow in physiologically activated retina and visual cortex.
Y. Ido, K. Chang, and J. R. Williamson (2004)
PNAS 101, 653-658
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Yeast Life-Span Extension by Calorie Restriction Is Independent of NAD Fluctuation.
R. M. Anderson, M. Latorre-Esteves, A. R. Neves, S. Lavu, O. Medvedik, C. Taylor, K. T. Howitz, H. Santos, and D. A. Sinclair (2003)
Science 302, 2124-2126
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Smad6 Recruits Transcription Corepressor CtBP To Repress Bone Morphogenetic Protein-Induced Transcription.
X. Lin, Y.-Y. Liang, B. Sun, M. Liang, Y. Shi, F. C. Brunicardi, Y. Shi, and X.-H. Feng (2003)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 23, 9081-9093
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
p53 hot-spot mutants are resistant to ubiquitin-independent degradation by increased binding to NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1.
G. Asher, J. Lotem, P. Tsvetkov, V. Reiss, L. Sachs, and Y. Shaul (2003)
PNAS 100, 15065-15070
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
NAD+-Dependent Deacetylase Hst1p Controls Biosynthesis and Cellular NAD+ Levels in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
A. Bedalov, M. Hirao, J. Posakony, M. Nelson, and J. A. Simon (2003)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 23, 7044-7054
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Differential binding of NAD+ and NADH allows the transcriptional corepressor carboxyl-terminal binding protein to serve as a metabolic sensor.
C. C. Fjeld, W. T. Birdsong, and R. H. Goodman (2003)
PNAS 100, 9202-9207
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Functional similarity of Knirps CtBP-dependent and CtBP-independent transcriptional repressor activities.
J.-R. Ryu and D. N. Arnosti (2003)
Nucleic Acids Res. 31, 4654-4662
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Interaction between Smad-interacting Protein-1 and the Corepressor C-terminal Binding Protein Is Dispensable for Transcriptional Repression of E-cadherin.
L. A. van Grunsven, C. Michiels, T. Van de Putte, L. Nelles, G. Wuytens, K. Verschueren, and D. Huylebroeck (2003)
J. Biol. Chem. 278, 26135-26145
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Myeloid Expression of Cytochrome P450 4F3 Is Determined by a Lineage-specific Alternative Promoter.
P. Christmas, N. Carlesso, H. Shang, S.-M. Cheng, B. M. Weber, F. I. Preffer, D. T. Scadden, and R. J. Soberman (2003)
J. Biol. Chem. 278, 25133-25142
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
HMG box transcription factor TCF-4's interaction with CtBP1 controls the expression of the Wnt target Axin2/Conductin in human embryonic kidney cells.
T. Valenta, J. Lukas, and V. Korinek (2003)
Nucleic Acids Res. 31, 2369-2380
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
C-terminal-binding protein corepresses epithelial and proapoptotic gene expression programs.
M. Grooteclaes, Q. Deveraux, J. Hildebrand, Q. Zhang, R. H. Goodman, and S. M. Frisch (2003)
PNAS 100, 4568-4573
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Two Nonconsensus Sites in the Epstein-Barr Virus Oncoprotein EBNA3A Cooperate to Bind the Co-repressor Carboxyl-terminal-binding Protein (CtBP).
M. Hickabottom, G. A. Parker, P. Freemont, T. Crook, and M. J. Allday (2002)
J. Biol. Chem. 277, 47197-47204
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Semaphorins: Green Light for Redox Signaling?.
A. Ventura and P. G. Pelicci (2002)
Sci. STKE 2002, pe44
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Lactate Dehydrogenase Is an AU-rich Element-binding Protein That Directly Interacts with AUF1.
P. A. Pioli, B. J. Hamilton, J. E. Connolly, G. Brewer, and W. F. C. Rigby (2002)
J. Biol. Chem. 277, 35738-35745
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Ikaros-CtIP Interactions Do Not Require C-terminal Binding Protein and Participate in a Deacetylase-independent Mode of Repression.
J. Koipally and K. Georgopoulos (2002)
J. Biol. Chem. 277, 23143-23149
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Maneuvering in the Complex Path from Genotype to Phenotype.
R. Strohman (2002)
Science 296, 701-703
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »


To Advertise     Find Products

Science. ISSN 0036-8075 (print), 1095-9203 (online)