Note to users. If you're seeing this message, it means that your browser cannot find this page's style/presentation instructions -- or possibly that you are using a browser that does not support current Web standards. Find out more about why this message is appearing, and what you can do to make your experience of our site the best it can be.

Science 15 February 2002:
Vol. 295. no. 5558, pp. 1306 - 1311
DOI: 10.1126/science.1067799
Prev | Table of Contents | Next

Reports

Capturing Chromosome Conformation

Job Dekker,1* Karsten Rippe,2 Martijn Dekker,3 Nancy Kleckner1

We describe an approach to detect the frequency of interaction between any two genomic loci. Generation of a matrix of interaction frequencies between sites on the same or different chromosomes reveals their relative spatial disposition and provides information about the physical properties of the chromatin fiber. This methodology can be applied to the spatial organization of entire genomes in organisms from bacteria to human. Using the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we could confirm known qualitative features of chromosome organization within the nucleus and dynamic changes in that organization during meiosis. We also analyzed yeast chromosome III at the G1 stage of the cell cycle. We found that chromatin is highly flexible throughout. Furthermore, functionally distinct AT- and GC-rich domains were found to exhibit different conformations, and a population-average 3D model of chromosome III could be determined. Chromosome III emerges as a contorted ring.

1 Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
2 Molekulare Genetik (H0700), Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, and Kirchhoff-Institut für Physik, Physik Molekularbiologischer Prozesse, Universität Heidelberg, Schröderstrasse 90, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
3 2e Oosterparklaan 272, 3544 AX Utrecht, Netherlands.
*   To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: jdekker{at}fas.harvard.edu

Read the Full Text


THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES:
An overview of recent developments in genomics and associated statistical methods.
P. J. Bickel, J. B. Brown, H. Huang, and Q. Li (2009)
Phil Trans R Soc A 367, 4313-4337
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Lymphoid Enhancer Binding Factor 1 Regulates Transcription through Gene Looping.
K. Yun, J.-S. So, A. Jash, and S.-H. Im (2009)
J. Immunol. 183, 5129-5137
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Comprehensive Mapping of Long-Range Interactions Reveals Folding Principles of the Human Genome.
E. Lieberman-Aiden, N. L. van Berkum, L. Williams, M. Imakaev, T. Ragoczy, A. Telling, I. Amit, B. R. Lajoie, P. J. Sabo, M. O. Dorschner, et al. (2009)
Science 326, 289-293
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Association of yKu With Subtelomeric Core X Sequences Prevents Recombination Involving Telomeric Sequences.
M. E. Marvin, M. M. Becker, P. Noel, S. Hardy, A. A. Bertuch, and E. J. Louis (2009)
Genetics 183, 453-467
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Function and Assembly of DNA Looping, Clustering, and Microtubule Attachment Complexes within a Eukaryotic Kinetochore.
M. Anderson, J. Haase, E. Yeh, and K. Bloom (2009)
Mol. Biol. Cell 20, 4131-4139
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Evolving enhancer-promoter interactions within the tinman complex of the flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum.
J. D. Cande, V. S. Chopra, and M. Levine (2009)
Development 136, 3153-3160
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Divergent Roles of RelA and c-Rel in Establishing Chromosomal Loops upon Activation of the Ig{kappa} Gene.
Z. Liu, Z. Ma, L. S. Terada, and W. T. Garrard (2009)
J. Immunol. 183, 3819-3830
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Gene Looping Is Conferred by Activator-dependent Interaction of Transcription Initiation and Termination Machineries.
B. El Kaderi, S. Medler, S. Raghunayakula, and A. Ansari (2009)
J. Biol. Chem. 284, 25015-25025
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Differential requirement of a distal regulatory region for pre-initiation complex formation at globin gene promoters.
J. Ross, S. Bottardi, V. Bourgoin, A. Wollenschlaeger, E. Drobetsky, M. Trudel, and E. Milot (2009)
Nucleic Acids Res. 37, 5295-5308
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Lactogenic Hormonal Induction of Long Distance Interactions between {beta}-Casein Gene Regulatory Elements.
E. B. Kabotyanski, M. Rijnkels, C. Freeman-Zadrowski, A. C. Buser, D. P. Edwards, and J. M. Rosen (2009)
J. Biol. Chem. 284, 22815-22824
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Close encounters of the 3C kind: long-range chromatin interactions and transcriptional regulation.
R.-J. T. S. Palstra (2009)
Brief Funct Genomic Proteomic
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Chromosome Conformation Capture of All 13 Genomic Loci in the Transcriptional Regulation of the Multisubunit Bigenomic Cytochrome c Oxidase in Neurons.
S. S. Dhar, S. Ongwijitwat, and M. T. T. Wong-Riley (2009)
J. Biol. Chem. 284, 18644-18650
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
CTCF and its protein partners: divide and rule?.
J. Zlatanova and P. Caiafa (2009)
J. Cell Sci. 122, 1275-1284
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Life on the edge: telomeres and persistent DNA breaks converge at the nuclear periphery.
M. R. Gartenberg (2009)
Genes & Dev. 23, 1027-1031
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Mechanisms that regulate localization of a DNA double-strand break to the nuclear periphery.
P. Oza, S. L. Jaspersen, A. Miele, J. Dekker, and C. L. Peterson (2009)
Genes & Dev. 23, 912-927
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Genome-wide identification of DNA-protein interactions using chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled with flow cell sequencing.
B. G Hoffman and S. J M Jones (2009)
J. Endocrinol. 201, 1-13
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Next-generation DNA sequencing of paired-end tags (PET) for transcriptome and genome analyses.
M. J. Fullwood, C.-L. Wei, E. T. Liu, and Y. Ruan (2009)
Genome Res. 19, 521-532
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A rapid simple approach to quantify chromosome conformation capture.
M. Abou El Hassan and R. Bremner (2009)
Nucleic Acids Res. 37, e35
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Ikaros and GATA-1 Combinatorial Effect Is Required for Silencing of Human {gamma}-Globin Genes.
S. Bottardi, J. Ross, V. Bourgoin, N. Fotouhi-Ardakani, E. B. Affar, M. Trudel, and E. Milot (2009)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 29, 1526-1537
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Evidence for a Bigenic Chromatin Subdomain in Regulation of the Fetal-to-Adult Hemoglobin Switch.
H. Beauchemin and M. Trudel (2009)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 29, 1635-1648
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Glucocorticoid Receptor Activation of the Ciz1-Lcn2 Locus by Long Range Interactions.
O. Hakim, S. John, J. Q. Ling, S. C. Biddie, A. R. Hoffman, and G. L. Hager (2009)
J. Biol. Chem. 284, 6048-6052
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
An insulator element 3' to the CFTR gene binds CTCF and reveals an active chromatin hub in primary cells.
N. P. Blackledge, C. J. Ott, A. E. Gillen, and A. Harris (2009)
Nucleic Acids Res. 37, 1086-1094
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Tissue- and Expression Level-Specific Chromatin Looping at Maize b1 Epialleles.
M. Louwers, R. Bader, M. Haring, R. van Driel, W. de Laat, and M. Stam (2009)
PLANT CELL 21, 832-842
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Combined 3C-ChIP-Cloning (6C) Assay: A Tool to Unravel Protein-Mediated Genome Architecture.
V. K. Tiwari and S. B. Baylin (2009)
CSH Protocols 2009, pdb.prot5168
   Abstract »    Full Text »
BRG1 requirement for long-range interaction of a locus control region with a downstream promoter.
S.-I. Kim, S. J. Bultman, C. M. Kiefer, A. Dean, and E. H. Bresnick (2009)
PNAS 106, 2259-2264
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Chromosome Conformation Capture.
N. F. Cope and P. Fraser (2009)
CSH Protocols 2009, pdb.prot5137
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Experimental advances in the characterization of metazoan gene regulatory networks.
B. Deplancke (2009)
Brief Funct Genomic Proteomic 8, 12-27
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The class E floral homeotic protein SEPALLATA3 is sufficient to loop DNA in 'floral quartet'-like complexes in vitro.
R. Melzer, W. Verelst, and G. Theissen (2009)
Nucleic Acids Res. 37, 144-157
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
CTCF-dependent enhancer-blocking by alternative chromatin loop formation.
C. Hou, H. Zhao, K. Tanimoto, and A. Dean (2008)
PNAS 105, 20398-20403
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Mapping in Vivo Chromatin Interactions in Yeast Suggests an Extended Chromatin Fiber with Regional Variation in Compaction.
J. Dekker (2008)
J. Biol. Chem. 283, 34532-34540
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Enhancing nuclear receptor-induced transcription requires nuclear motor and LSD1-dependent gene networking in interchromatin granules.
Q. Hu, Y.-S. Kwon, E. Nunez, M. D. Cardamone, K. R. Hutt, K. A. Ohgi, I. Garcia-Bassets, D. W. Rose, C. K. Glass, M. G. Rosenfeld, et al. (2008)
PNAS 105, 19199-19204
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Hsk1(Cdc7) Replication Kinase Regulates Origin Efficiency.
P. K. Patel, N. Kommajosyula, A. Rosebrock, A. Bensimon, J. Leatherwood, J. Bechhoefer, and N. Rhind (2008)
Mol. Biol. Cell 19, 5550-5558
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Regulation of Estrogen Receptor-mediated Long Range Transcription via Evolutionarily Conserved Distal Response Elements.
Y. F. Pan, K. D. S. A. Wansa, M. H. Liu, B. Zhao, S. Z. Hong, P. Y. Tan, K. S. Lim, G. Bourque, E. T. Liu, and E. Cheung (2008)
J. Biol. Chem. 283, 32977-32988
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Similar active genes cluster in specialized transcription factories.
M. Xu and P. R. Cook (2008)
J. Cell Biol. 181, 615-623
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
CTCF Regulates Allelic Expression of Igf2 by Orchestrating a Promoter-Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 Intrachromosomal Loop.
T. Li, J.-F. Hu, X. Qiu, J. Ling, H. Chen, S. Wang, A. Hou, T. H. Vu, and A. R. Hoffman (2008)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 28, 6473-6482
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Three-dimensional conformation at the H19/Igf2 locus supports a model of enhancer tracking.
N. Engel, A. K. Raval, J. L. Thorvaldsen, and S. M. Bartolomei (2008)
Hum. Mol. Genet. 17, 3021-3029
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Characterization of Short Range DNA Looping in Endotoxin-mediated Transcription of the Murine Inducible Nitric-oxide Synthase (iNOS) Gene.
H. Guo, Z. Mi, and P. C. Kuo (2008)
J. Biol. Chem. 283, 25209-25217
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Nuclear Receptor Location Analyses in Mammalian Genomes: From Gene Regulation to Regulatory Networks.
G. Deblois and V. Giguere (2008)
Mol. Endocrinol. 22, 1999-2011
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Spatial configuration of the chicken {alpha}-globin gene domain: immature and active chromatin hubs.
A. A. Gavrilov and S. V. Razin (2008)
Nucleic Acids Res. 36, 4629-4640
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
PU.1 expression is modulated by the balance of functional sense and antisense RNAs regulated by a shared cis-regulatory element.
A. K. Ebralidze, F. C. Guibal, U. Steidl, P. Zhang, S. Lee, B. Bartholdy, M. A. Jorda, V. Petkova, F. Rosenbauer, G. Huang, et al. (2008)
Genes & Dev. 22, 2085-2092
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A novel 6C assay uncovers Polycomb-mediated higher order chromatin conformations.
V. K. Tiwari, L. Cope, K. M. McGarvey, J. E. Ohm, and S. B. Baylin (2008)
Genome Res. 18, 1171-1179
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A Complex Deoxyribonucleic Acid Looping Configuration Associated with the Silencing of the Maternal Igf2 Allele.
X. Qiu, T. H. Vu, Q. Lu, J. Q. Ling, T. Li, A. Hou, S. K. Wang, H. L. Chen, J. F. Hu, and A. R. Hoffman (2008)
Mol. Endocrinol. 22, 1476-1488
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The insulator factor CTCF controls MHC class II gene expression and is required for the formation of long-distance chromatin interactions.
P. Majumder, J. A. Gomez, B. P. Chadwick, and J. M. Boss (2008)
J. Exp. Med. 205, 785-798
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The role of CTCF in regulating nuclear organization.
A. Williams and R. A. Flavell (2008)
J. Exp. Med. 205, 747-750
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Dynamic interactions between the promoter and terminator regions of the mammalian BRCA1 gene.
S. M. Tan-Wong, J. D. French, N. J. Proudfoot, and M. A. Brown (2008)
PNAS 105, 5160-5165
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
NFAT Is Well Placed to Direct Both Enhancer Looping and Domain-Wide Models of Enhancer Function.
P. N. Cockerill (2008)
Science Signaling 1, pe15
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Gene Regulation in the Third Dimension.
J. Dekker (2008)
Science 319, 1793-1794
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Long-Range Communication between the Silencers of HMR.
L. Valenzuela, N. Dhillon, R. N. Dubey, M. R. Gartenberg, and R. T. Kamakaka (2008)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 28, 1924-1935
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Oct4 dependence of chromatin structure within the extended Nanog locus in ES cells.
D. N. Levasseur, J. Wang, M. O. Dorschner, J. A. Stamatoyannopoulos, and S. H. Orkin (2008)
Genes & Dev. 22, 575-580
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Controlled exchange of chromosomal arms reveals principles driving telomere interactions in yeast.
H. Schober, V. Kalck, M. A. Vega-Palas, G. Van Houwe, D. Sage, M. Unser, M. R. Gartenberg, and S. M. Gasser (2008)
Genome Res. 18, 261-271
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Enhancer Blocking and Transvection at the Drosophila apterous Locus.
D. Gohl, M. Muller, V. Pirrotta, M. Affolter, and P. Schedl (2008)
Genetics 178, 127-143
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Activation-dependent intrachromosomal interactions formed by the TNF gene promoter and two distal enhancers.
A. V. Tsytsykova, R. Rajsbaum, J. V. Falvo, F. Ligeiro, S. R. Neely, and A. E. Goldfeld (2007)
PNAS 104, 16850-16855
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Maintenance of imprinting and nuclear architecture in cycling cells.
K. Teller, I. Solovei, K. Buiting, B. Horsthemke, and T. Cremer (2007)
PNAS 104, 14970-14975
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
NF-{kappa}B Signaling Regulates Functional Expression of the MHC Class I-Related Neonatal Fc Receptor for IgG via Intronic Binding Sequences.
X. Liu, L. Ye, G. J. Christianson, J.-Q. Yang, D. C. Roopenian, and X. Zhu (2007)
J. Immunol. 179, 2999-3011
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
{beta}-Catenin binds to the downstream region and regulates the expression C-reactive protein gene.
Y. S. Choi, J. Hur, and S. Jeong (2007)
Nucleic Acids Res.
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Analysis of Transcriptional Activation at a Distance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
K. C. Dobi and F. Winston (2007)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 27, 5575-5586
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A 3' Enhancer Controls Snail Expression in Melanoma Cells.
M. B. Palmer, P. Majumder, M. R. Green, P. A. Wade, and J. M. Boss (2007)
Cancer Res. 67, 6113-6120
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Regulation of GREB1 Transcription by Estrogen Receptor {alpha} through a Multipartite Enhancer Spread Over 20 kb of Upstream Flanking Sequences.
J. Deschenes, V. Bourdeau, J. H. White, and S. Mader (2007)
J. Biol. Chem. 282, 17335-17339
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Finding cis-regulatory elements using comparative genomics: Some lessons from ENCODE data.
D. C. King, J. Taylor, Y. Zhang, Y. Cheng, H. A. Lawson, J. Martin, ENCODE groups for Transcriptional Regulation and M, F. Chiaromonte, W. Miller, and R. C. Hardison (2007)
Genome Res. 17, 775-786
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
beta-Globin Active Chromatin Hub Formation in Differentiating Erythroid Cells and in p45 NF-E2 Knock-out Mice.
J. Kooren, R.-J. Palstra, P. Klous, E. Splinter, M. von Lindern, F. Grosveld, and W. de Laat (2007)
J. Biol. Chem. 282, 16544-16552
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Analysis of the H19ICR Insulator.
Y. S. Yoon, S. Jeong, Q. Rong, K.-Y. Park, J. H. Chung, and K. Pfeifer (2007)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 27, 3499-3510
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A Transcription-dependent Micrococcal Nuclease-resistant Fragment of the Urokinase-type Plasminogen Activator Promoter Interacts with the Enhancer.
C. Ferrai, D. Munari, P. Luraghi, L. Pecciarini, M. G. Cangi, C. Doglioni, F. Blasi, and M. P. Crippa (2007)
J. Biol. Chem. 282, 12537-12546
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
JunB and JunD Regulate Human Heme Oxygenase-1 Gene Expression in Renal Epithelial Cells.
T. D. Hock, K. Liby, M. M. Wright, S. McConnell, M. Schorpp-Kistner, T. M. Ryan, and A. Agarwal (2007)
J. Biol. Chem. 282, 6875-6886
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A novel non-protein-coding infection-specific gene family is clustered throughout the genome of Phytophthora infestans.
A. O. Avrova, S. C. Whisson, L. Pritchard, E. Venter, S. De Luca, I. Hein, and P. R. J. Birch (2007)
Microbiology 153, 747-759
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Human SETMAR Protein Preserves Most of the Activities of the Ancestral Hsmar1 Transposase.
D. Liu, J. Bischerour, A. Siddique, N. Buisine, Y. Bigot, and R. Chalmers (2007)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 27, 1125-1132
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Distinct Functions of Dispersed GATA Factor Complexes at an Endogenous Gene Locus..
J. A. Grass, H. Jing, S.-I. Kim, M. L. Martowicz, S. Pal, G. A. Blobel, and E. H. Bresnick (2006)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 26, 7056-7067
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Chromosome Conformation Capture Carbon Copy (5C): A massively parallel solution for mapping interactions between genomic elements.
J. Dostie, T. A. Richmond, R. A. Arnaout, R. R. Selzer, W. L. Lee, T. A. Honan, E. D. Rubio, A. Krumm, J. Lamb, C. Nusbaum, et al. (2006)
Genome Res. 16, 1299-1309
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Simple histone acetylation plays a complex role in the regulation of gene expression..
H. Fukuda, N. Sano, S. Muto, and M. Horikoshi (2006)
Brief Funct Genomic Proteomic 5, 190-208
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Activation of Receptor Activator of NF-{kappa}B Ligand Gene Expression by 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Is Mediated through Multiple Long-Range Enhancers..
S. Kim, M. Yamazaki, L. A. Zella, N. K. Shevde, and J. W. Pike (2006)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 26, 6469-6486
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
CTCF mediates long-range chromatin looping and local histone modification in the beta-globin locus.
E. Splinter, H. Heath, J. Kooren, R.-J. Palstra, P. Klous, F. Grosveld, N. Galjart, and W. de Laat (2006)
Genes & Dev. 20, 2349-2354
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The active FMR1 promoter is associated with a large domain of altered chromatin conformation with embedded local histone modifications.
N. Gheldof, T. M. Tabuchi, and J. Dekker (2006)
PNAS 103, 12463-12468
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Mechanism of Action of a Distal NF-{kappa}B-Dependent Enhancer.
B. Teferedegne, M. R. Green, Z. Guo, and J. M. Boss (2006)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 26, 5759-5770
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Distant HNF1 Site as a Master Control for the Human Class I Alcohol Dehydrogenase Gene Expression.
J.-S. Su, T.-F. Tsai, H.-M. Chang, K.-M. Chao, T.-S. Su, and S.-F. Tsai (2006)
J. Biol. Chem. 281, 19809-19821
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
CTCF binding at the H19 imprinting control region mediates maternally inherited higher-order chromatin conformation to restrict enhancer access to Igf2.
S. Kurukuti, V. K. Tiwari, G. Tavoosidana, E. Pugacheva, A. Murrell, Z. Zhao, V. Lobanenkov, W. Reik, and R. Ohlsson (2006)
PNAS 103, 10684-10689
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Active Chromatin Hub of the Mouse {alpha}-Globin Locus Forms in a Transcription Factory of Clustered Housekeeping Genes..
G.-L. Zhou, L. Xin, W. Song, L.-J. Di, G. Liu, X.-S. Wu, D.-P. Liu, and C.-C. Liang (2006)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 26, 5096-5105
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Enhancers Located within Two Introns of the Vitamin D Receptor Gene Mediate Transcriptional Autoregulation by 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3.
L. A. Zella, S. Kim, N. K. Shevde, and J. W. Pike (2006)
Mol. Endocrinol. 20, 1231-1247
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Chromatin and epigenetics in development: blending cellular memory with cell fate plasticity.
G. Cavalli (2006)
Development 133, 2089-2094
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
GA-Binding Protein and p300 Are Essential Components of a Retinoic Acid-Induced Enhanceosome in Myeloid Cells.
K. K. Resendes and A. G. Rosmarin (2006)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 26, 3060-3070
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
CTCF mediates interchromosomal colocalization between Igf2/H19 and Wsb1/Nf1..
J. Q. Ling, T. Li, J. F. Hu, T. H. Vu, H. L. Chen, X. W. Qiu, A. M. Cherry, and A. R. Hoffman (2006)
Science 312, 269-272
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Transient Homologous Chromosome Pairing Marks the Onset of X Inactivation.
N. Xu, C.-L. Tsai, and J. T. Lee (2006)
Science 311, 1149-1152
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Regulation of human fetal hemoglobin: new players, new complexities.
A. Bank (2006)
Blood 107, 435-443
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
X-Chromosome Kiss and Tell: How the Xs Go Their Separate Ways.
M.C. ANGUERA, B.K. SUN, N. XU, and J.T. LEE (2006)
Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 71, 429-437
   Abstract »    PDF »
A role for the CPF 3'-end processing machinery in RNAP II-dependent gene looping.
A. Ansari and M. Hampsey (2005)
Genes & Dev. 19, 2969-2978
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Developmentally induced changes in transcriptional program alter spatial organization across chromosomes.
J. M. Casolari, C. R. Brown, D. A. Drubin, O. J. Rando, and P. A. Silver (2005)
Genes & Dev. 19, 1188-1198
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Long-Range Interactions between Three Transcriptional Enhancers, Active V{kappa} Gene Promoters, and a 3' Boundary Sequence Spanning 46 Kilobases.
Z. Liu and W. T. Garrard (2005)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 25, 3220-3231
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Remote control of gene transcription.
A. G. West and P. Fraser (2005)
Hum. Mol. Genet. 14, R101-R111
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Chromosome looping in yeast: telomere pairing and coordinated movement reflect anchoring efficiency and territorial organization.
K. Bystricky, T. Laroche, G. van Houwe, M. Blaszczyk, and S. M. Gasser (2005)
J. Cell Biol. 168, 375-387
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »


To Advertise     Find Products

Science. ISSN 0036-8075 (print), 1095-9203 (online)