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Science 7 December 2001:
Vol. 294. no. 5549, pp. 2119 - 2124
DOI: 10.1126/science.1064034
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Review

Aerosols, Climate, and the Hydrological Cycle

V. Ramanathan,1* P. J. Crutzen,12 J. T. Kiehl,3 D. Rosenfeld4

Human activities are releasing tiny particles (aerosols) into the atmosphere. These human-made aerosols enhance scattering and absorption of solar radiation. They also produce brighter clouds that are less efficient at releasing precipitation. These in turn lead to large reductions in the amount of solar irradiance reaching Earth's surface, a corresponding increase in solar heating of the atmosphere, changes in the atmospheric temperature structure, suppression of rainfall, and less efficient removal of pollutants. These aerosol effects can lead to a weaker hydrological cycle, which connects directly to availability and quality of fresh water, a major environmental issue of the 21st century.

1 Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, CA 92093, USA.
2 Max-Planck-Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany.
3 National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO 80305, USA.
4 Institute of Earth Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
*   To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: ram{at}fiji.ucsd.edu

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