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Science 2 November 2001:
Vol. 294. no. 5544, pp. 1030 - 1038
DOI: 10.1126/science.1067020
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Review

The Molecular Biology of Memory Storage: A Dialogue Between Genes and Synapses

Eric R. Kandel*

One of the most remarkable aspects of an animal's behavior is the ability to modify that behavior by learning, an ability that reaches its highest form in human beings. For me, learning and memory have proven to be endlessly fascinating mental processes because they address one of the fundamental features of human activity: our ability to acquire new ideas from experience and to retain these ideas over time in memory. Moreover, unlike other mental processes such as thought, language, and consciousness, learning seemed from the outset to be readily accessible to cellular and molecular analysis. I, therefore, have been curious to know: What changes in the brain when we learn? And, once something is learned, how is that information retained in the brain? I have tried to address these questions through a reductionist approach that would allow me to investigate elementary forms of learning and memory at a cellular molecular level--as specific molecular activities within identified nerve cells.

Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA. E-mail: erk5{at}columbia.edu
*   This essay is adapted from the author's address to the Nobel Foundation, December 2000.

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The Effects of Morphine Self-Administration on Cortical Pyramidal Cell Structure in Addiction-Prone Lewis Rats.
I Ballesteros-Yanez, E Ambrosio, R Benavides-Piccione, J Perez, I Torres, M Miguens, C Garcia-Lecumberri, and J DeFelipe (2007)
Cereb Cortex 17, 238-249
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Neurotrophin 3 induces structural and functional modification of synapses through distinct molecular mechanisms.
H.-S. Je, F. Yang, J. Zhou, and B. Lu (2006)
J. Cell Biol. 175, 1029-1042
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A Novel Cyclic AMP-Dependent Epac-Rit Signaling Pathway Contributes to PACAP38-Mediated Neuronal Differentiation.
G.-X. Shi, H. Rehmann, and D. A. Andres (2006)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 26, 9136-9147
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The largest growth cones in the animal kingdom: an illustrated guide to the dynamics of Aplysia neuronal growth in cell culture.
P. Lovell and L. L. Moroz (2006)
Integr. Comp. Biol. 46, 847-870
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Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex Is Obligatory for Consolidation and Reconsolidation of Object Recognition Memory.
I. Akirav and M. Maroun (2006)
Cereb Cortex 16, 1759-1765
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Serotonin Increases Phosphorylation of Synaptic 4EBP through TOR, but Eukaryotic Initiation Factor 4E Levels Do Not Limit Somatic Cap-Dependent Translation in Aplysia Neurons.
M. Carroll, J. Dyer, and W. S. Sossin (2006)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 26, 8586-8598
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