Note to users. If you're seeing this message, it means that your browser cannot find this page's style/presentation instructions -- or possibly that you are using a browser that does not support current Web standards. Find out more about why this message is appearing, and what you can do to make your experience of our site the best it can be.

Site Tools

  • AAAS
  • Subscribe
  • Feedback

Site Search

Search Advanced

Science 14 September 2001:
Vol. 293. no. 5537, pp. 2093 - 2098
DOI: 10.1126/science.1061471
Prev | Table of Contents | Next

Reports

Mechanisms of Evolution in Rickettsia conorii and R. prowazekii

Hiroyuki Ogata,1 Stéphane Audic,1 Patricia Renesto-Audiffren,2 Pierre-Edouard Fournier,2 Valérie Barbe,3 Delphine Samson,3 Véronique Roux,2 Pascale Cossart,4 Jean Weissenbach,3 Jean-Michel Claverie,1* Didier Raoult2*

Rickettsia conorii is an obligate intracellular bacterium that causes Mediterranean spotted fever in humans. We determined the 1,268,755-nucleotide complete genome sequence of R. conorii, containing 1374 open reading frames. This genome exhibits 804 of the 834 genes of the previously determined R. prowazekii genome plus 552 supplementary open reading frames and a 10-fold increase in the number of repetitive elements. Despite these differences, the two genomes exhibit a nearly perfect colinearity that allowed the clear identification of different stages of gene alterations with gene remnants and 37 genes split in 105 fragments, of which 59 are transcribed. A 38-kilobase sequence inversion was dated shortly after the divergence of the genus.

1 Information Génétique & Structurale, CNRS-AVENTIS UMR 1889, 31 chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France.
2 Unité des Rickettsies, Université de la Méditerranée, Faculté de Médecine, CNRS UMR 6020, 27 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France.
3 Genoscope and CNRS UMR 8030, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, 91000 Evry, France.
4 Institut Pasteur, Unité des Interactions Bactéries-Cellules, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris, Cedex 15, France.
*   To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: Jean-Michel.Claverie{at}igs.cnrs-mrs.fr; Didier.Raoult{at}medecine.univ-mrs.fr

Read the Full Text


THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES:
Phylogenetic Relationships and Functional Genes: Distribution of a Gene (mnxG) Encoding a Putative Manganese-Oxidizing Enzyme in Bacillus Species.
L. E. Mayhew, E. D. Swanner, A. P. Martin, and A. S. Templeton (2008)
Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 74, 7265-7271
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Whole-genome Sequencing of the Obligate Intracellular Bacterium Orientia tsutsugamushi Revealed Massive Gene Amplification During Reductive Genome Evolution.
K. Nakayama, A. Yamashita, K. Kurokawa, T. Morimoto, M. Ogawa, M. Fukuhara, H. Urakami, M. Ohnishi, I. Uchiyama, Y. Ogura, et al. (2008)
DNA Res 15, 185-199
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Mitochondrial Genome of the Colorless Green Alga Polytomella capuana: A Linear Molecule with an Unprecedented GC Content.
D. R. Smith and R. W. Lee (2008)
Mol. Biol. Evol. 25, 487-496
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Advances in environmental genomics: towards an integrated view of micro-organisms and ecosystems.
P. N. Bertin, C. Medigue, and P. Normand (2008)
Microbiology 154, 347-359
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Genomic Comparison of Virulent Rickettsia rickettsii Sheila Smith and Avirulent Rickettsia rickettsii Iowa.
D. W. Ellison, T. R. Clark, D. E. Sturdevant, K. Virtaneva, S. F. Porcella, and T. Hackstadt (2008)
Infect. Immun. 76, 542-550
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Lateral gene transfer between obligate intracellular bacteria: Evidence from the Rickettsia massiliae genome.
G. Blanc, H. Ogata, C. Robert, S. Audic, J.-M. Claverie, and D. Raoult (2007)
Genome Res. 17, 1657-1664
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Molecular Typing of Isolates of Rickettsia rickettsii by Use of DNA Sequencing of Variable Intergenic Regions.
S. E. Karpathy, G. A. Dasch, and M. E. Eremeeva (2007)
J. Clin. Microbiol. 45, 2545-2553
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Transposon Insertion Reveals pRM, a Plasmid of Rickettsia monacensis.
G. D. Baldridge, N. Y. Burkhardt, R. F. Felsheim, T. J. Kurtti, and U. G. Munderloh (2007)
Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 73, 4984-4995
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Comparative analysis of host-cell signalling mechanisms activated in response to infection with Rickettsia conorii and Rickettsia typhi.
E. Rydkina, A. Sahni, D. J. Silverman, and S. K. Sahni (2007)
J. Med. Microbiol. 56, 896-906
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A Protein from a Parasitic Microorganism, Rickettsia prowazekii, Can Cleave the Signal Sequences of Proteins Targeting Mitochondria.
S. Kitada, T. Uchiyama, T. Funatsu, Y. Kitada, T. Ogishima, and A. Ito (2007)
J. Bacteriol. 189, 844-850
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The lspA Gene, Encoding the Type II Signal Peptidase of Rickettsia typhi: Transcriptional and Functional Analysis.
M. S. Rahman, S. M. Ceraul, S. M. Dreher-Lesnick, M. S. Beier, and A. F. Azad (2007)
J. Bacteriol. 189, 336-341
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Rickettsiae phylogeny: a multigenic approach.
L. Vitorino, I. M. Chelo, F. Bacellar, and L. Ze-Ze (2007)
Microbiology 153, 160-168
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Gene Gain and Gene Loss in Streptococcus: Is It Driven by Habitat?.
P. R. Marri, W. Hao, and G. B. Golding (2006)
Mol. Biol. Evol. 23, 2379-2391
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Genome Rearrangements, Deletions, and Amplifications in the Natural Population of Bartonella henselae.
H. Lindroos, O. Vinnere, A. Mira, D. Repsilber, K. Naslund, and S. G. E. Andersson (2006)
J. Bacteriol. 188, 7426-7439
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Impact of the Excision of an Ancient Repeat Insertion on Rickettsia conorii Guanylate Kinase Activity.
C. Abergel, G. Blanc, V. Monchois, P. Renesto, C. Sigoillot, H. Ogata, D. Raoult, and J.-M. Claverie (2006)
Mol. Biol. Evol. 23, 2112-2122
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The emerging diversity of Rickettsia.
S. J Perlman, M. S Hunter, and E. Zchori-Fein (2006)
Proc R Soc B 273, 2097-2106
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Genome of the Obligately Intracellular Bacterium Ehrlichia canis Reveals Themes of Complex Membrane Structure and Immune Evasion Strategies.
K. Mavromatis, C. K. Doyle, A. Lykidis, N. Ivanova, M. P. Francino, P. Chain, M. Shin, S. Malfatti, F. Larimer, A. Copeland, et al. (2006)
J. Bacteriol. 188, 4015-4023
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Genetic Diversity of the Q Fever Agent, Coxiella burnetii, Assessed by Microarray-Based Whole-Genome Comparisons..
P. A. Beare, J. E. Samuel, D. Howe, K. Virtaneva, S. F. Porcella, and R. A. Heinzen (2006)
J. Bacteriol. 188, 2309-2324
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Comparative Genomic Analysis of Three Strains of Ehrlichia ruminantium Reveals an Active Process of Genome Size Plasticity..
R. Frutos, A. Viari, C. Ferraz, A. Morgat, S. Eychenie, Y. Kandassamy, I. Chantal, A. Bensaid, E. Coissac, N. Vachiery, et al. (2006)
J. Bacteriol. 188, 2533-2542
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The nature and dynamics of bacterial genomes..
H. Ochman and L. M. Davalos (2006)
Science 311, 1730-1733
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Genome Phylogenies Indicate a Meaningful {alpha}-Proteobacterial Phylogeny and Support a Grouping of the Mitochondria with the Rickettsiales.
D. A. Fitzpatrick, C. J. Creevey, and J. O. McInerney (2006)
Mol. Biol. Evol. 23, 74-85
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Mimivirus gene promoters exhibit an unprecedented conservation among all eukaryotes.
K. Suhre, S. Audic, and J.-M. Claverie (2005)
PNAS 102, 14689-14693
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Tick-Borne Rickettsioses around the World: Emerging Diseases Challenging Old Concepts.
P. Parola, C. D. Paddock, and D. Raoult (2005)
Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 18, 719-756
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Expression of the Rickettsia prowazekii pld or tlyC Gene in Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Mediates Phagosomal Escape.
T. Whitworth, V. L. Popov, X.-J. Yu, D. H. Walker, and D. H. Bouyer (2005)
Infect. Immun. 73, 6668-6673
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
TRANSCRIPTION OF THE RICKETTSIA FELIS OMPA GENE IN NATURALLY INFECTED FLEAS.
J. E. ZAVALA-CASTRO, M. SMALL, C. KENG, D. H. BOUYER, J. ZAVALA-VELAZQUEZ, and D. H. WALKER (2005)
Am J Trop Med Hyg 73, 662-666
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Molecular Evolution of Rickettsia Surface Antigens: Evidence of Positive Selection.
G. Blanc, M. Ngwamidiba, H. Ogata, P.-E. Fournier, J.-M. Claverie, and D. Raoult (2005)
Mol. Biol. Evol. 22, 2073-2083
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Multispacer Typing of Rickettsia prowazekii Enabling Epidemiological Studies of Epidemic Typhus.
Y. Zhu, P.-E. Fournier, H. Ogata, and D. Raoult (2005)
J. Clin. Microbiol. 43, 4708-4712
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Characterization of the Genome Composition of Bartonella koehlerae by Microarray Comparative Genomic Hybridization Profiling.
H. L. Lindroos, A. Mira, D. Repsilber, O. Vinnere, K. Naslund, M. Dehio, C. Dehio, and S. G. E. Andersson (2005)
J. Bacteriol. 187, 6155-6165
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Characterization of a tandem repeat polymorphism in Rickettsia strains.
L. Vitorino, R. de Sousa, F. Bacellar, and L. Ze-Ze (2005)
J. Med. Microbiol. 54, 833-841
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Rickettsial metK-Encoded Methionine Adenosyltransferase Expression in an Escherichia coli metK Deletion Strain.
L. O. Driskell, A. M. Tucker, H. H. Winkler, and D. O. Wood (2005)
J. Bacteriol. 187, 5719-5722
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Prediction of resistance to erythromycin in the genus Rickettsia by mutations in L22 ribosomal protein.
J. M. Rolain and D. Raoult (2005)
J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 56, 396-398
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Recognizing the pseudogenes in bacterial genomes.
E. Lerat and H. Ochman (2005)
Nucleic Acids Res. 33, 3125-3132
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Genomic analysis of Hyphomonas neptunium contradicts 16S rRNA gene-based phylogenetic analysis: implications for the taxonomy of the orders 'Rhodobacterales' and Caulobacterales.
J. H. Badger, J. A. Eisen, and N. L. Ward (2005)
Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 55, 1021-1026
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Comparative study of overlapping genes in bacteria, with special reference to Rickettsia prowazekii and Rickettsia conorii.
K. R. Sakharkar, M. K. Sakharkar, C. Verma, and V. T. K. Chow (2005)
Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 55, 1205-1209
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Chlamydophila abortus genome sequence reveals an array of variable proteins that contribute to interspecies variation.
N. R. Thomson, C. Yeats, K. Bell, M. T.G. Holden, S. D. Bentley, M. Livingstone, A. M. Cerdeno-Tarraga, B. Harris, J. Doggett, D. Ormond, et al. (2005)
Genome Res. 15, 629-640
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Analysis of Fluorescent Protein Expression in Transformants of Rickettsia monacensis, an Obligate Intracellular Tick Symbiont.
G. D. Baldridge, N. Burkhardt, M. J. Herron, T. J. Kurtti, and U. G. Munderloh (2005)
Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 71, 2095-2105
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Toxin-antitoxin loci are highly abundant in free-living but lost from host-associated prokaryotes.
D. P. Pandey and K. Gerdes (2005)
Nucleic Acids Res. 33, 966-976
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A novel method for accurate operon predictions in all sequenced prokaryotes.
M. N. Price, K. H. Huang, E. J. Alm, and A. P. Arkin (2005)
Nucleic Acids Res. 33, 880-892
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Functional analysis of secA homologues from rickettsiae.
M. S. Rahman, J. A. Simser, K. R. Macaluso, and A. F. Azad (2005)
Microbiology 151, 589-596
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The genome of the heartwater agent Ehrlichia ruminantium contains multiple tandem repeats of actively variable copy number.
N. E. Collins, J. Liebenberg, E. P. de Villiers, K. A. Brayton, E. Louw, A. Pretorius, F. E. Faber, H. van Heerden, A. Josemans, M. van Kleef, et al. (2005)
PNAS 102, 838-843
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Complete genome sequencing of Anaplasma marginale reveals that the surface is skewed to two superfamilies of outer membrane proteins.
K. A. Brayton, L. S. Kappmeyer, D. R. Herndon, M. J. Dark, D. L. Tibbals, G. H. Palmer, T. C. McGuire, and D. P. Knowles Jr. (2005)
PNAS 102, 844-849
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Multispacer Typing Technique for Sequence-Based Typing of Bartonella quintana.
C. Foucault, B. La Scola, H. Lindroos, S. G. E. Andersson, and D. Raoult (2005)
J. Clin. Microbiol. 43, 41-48
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Metagrowth: a new resource for the building of metabolic hypotheses in microbiology.
H. Ogata and J.-M. Claverie (2005)
Nucleic Acids Res. 33, D321-D324
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Use of Highly Variable Intergenic Spacer Sequences for Multispacer Typing of Rickettsia conorii Strains.
P.-E. Fournier, Y. Zhu, H. Ogata, and D. Raoult (2004)
J. Clin. Microbiol. 42, 5757-5766
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Genome reduction in prokaryotic obligatory intracellular parasites of humans: a comparative analysis.
K. R. Sakharkar, P. K. Dhar, and V. T. K. Chow (2004)
Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 54, 1937-1941
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Sequence and Expression Analysis of the ompA Gene of Rickettsia peacockii, an Endosymbiont of the Rocky Mountain Wood Tick, Dermacentor andersoni.
G. D. Baldridge, N. Y. Burkhardt, J. A. Simser, T. J. Kurtti, and U. G. Munderloh (2004)
Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 70, 6628-6636
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Evolutionary Fate of Nonfunctional DNA in the Bacterial Endosymbiont Buchnera aphidicola.
L. Gomez-Valero, A. Latorre, and F. J. Silva (2004)
Mol. Biol. Evol. 21, 2172-2181
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Early signaling events involved in the entry of Rickettsia conorii into mammalian cells.
J. J. Martinez and P. Cossart (2004)
J. Cell Sci. 117, 5097-5106
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Neutrophil NADPH Oxidase Is Reduced at the Anaplasma phagocytophilum Phagosome.
J. W. IJdo and A. C. Mueller (2004)
Infect. Immun. 72, 5392-5401
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Complete Genome Sequence of Rickettsia typhi and Comparison with Sequences of Other Rickettsiae.
M. P. McLeod, X. Qin, S. E. Karpathy, J. Gioia, S. K. Highlander, G. E. Fox, T. Z. McNeill, H. Jiang, D. Muzny, L. S. Jacob, et al. (2004)
J. Bacteriol. 186, 5842-5855
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The louse-borne human pathogen Bartonella quintana is a genomic derivative of the zoonotic agent Bartonella henselae.
C. M. Alsmark, A. C. Frank, E. O. Karlberg, B.-A. Legault, D. H. Ardell, B. Canback, A.-S. Eriksson, A. K. Naslund, S. A. Handley, M. Huvet, et al. (2004)
PNAS 101, 9716-9721
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Computational inference of scenarios for {alpha}-proteobacterial genome evolution.
B. Boussau, E. O. Karlberg, A. C. Frank, B.-A. Legault, and S. G. E. Andersson (2004)
PNAS 101, 9722-9727
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Effect of Antibody on the Rickettsia-Host Cell Interaction.
H.-M. Feng, T. Whitworth, V. Popov, and D. H. Walker (2004)
Infect. Immun. 72, 3524-3530
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Transposon Mutagenesis of the Obligate Intracellular Pathogen Rickettsia prowazekii.
A. Qin, A. M. Tucker, A. Hines, and D. O. Wood (2004)
Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 70, 2816-2822
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Protein interaction mapping on a functional shotgun sequence of Rickettsia sibirica.
J. A. Malek, J. M. Wierzbowski, W. Tao, S. A. Bosak, D. J. Saranga, L. Doucette-Stamm, D. R. Smith, P. J. McEwan, and K. J. McKernan (2004)
Nucleic Acids Res. 32, 1059-1064
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Using Quaternary Structures to Assess the Evolutionary History of Proteins: The Case of the Aspartate Carbamoyltransferase.
B. Labedan, Y. Xu, D. G. Naumoff, and N. Glansdorff (2004)
Mol. Biol. Evol. 21, 364-373
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Comparative Genomics of Rickettsia prowazekii Madrid E and Breinl Strains.
H. Ge, Y.-Y. E. Chuang, S. Zhao, M. Tong, M.-H. Tsai, J. J. Temenak, A. L. Richards, and W.-M. Ching (2004)
J. Bacteriol. 186, 556-565
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Gene Sequence-Based Criteria for Identification of New Rickettsia Isolates and Description of Rickettsia heilongjiangensis sp. nov..
P.-E. Fournier, J. S. Dumler, G. Greub, J. Zhang, Y. Wu, and D. Raoult (2003)
J. Clin. Microbiol. 41, 5456-5465
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Millions of Years of Evolution Preserved: A Comprehensive Catalog of the Processed Pseudogenes in the Human Genome.
Z. Zhang, P. M. Harrison, Y. Liu, and M. Gerstein (2003)
Genome Res. 13, 2541-2558
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The genome of Nanoarchaeum equitans: Insights into early archaeal evolution and derived parasitism.
E. Waters, M. J. Hohn, I. Ahel, D. E. Graham, M. D. Adams, M. Barnstead, K. Y. Beeson, L. Bibbs, R. Bolanos, M. Keller, et al. (2003)
PNAS 100, 12984-12988
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Birth and Death of Orphan Genes in Rickettsia.
H. Amiri, W. Davids, and S. G. E. Andersson (2003)
Mol. Biol. Evol. 20, 1575-1587
   Abstract »    Full Text »
History of the ADP/ATP-Translocase-Encoding Gene, a Parasitism Gene Transferred from a Chlamydiales Ancestor to Plants 1 Billion Years Ago.
G. Greub and D. Raoult (2003)
Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 69, 5530-5535
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Ehrlichia chaffeensis and Anaplasma phagocytophilum Lack Genes for Lipid A Biosynthesis and Incorporate Cholesterol for Their Survival.
M. Lin and Y. Rikihisa (2003)
Infect. Immun. 71, 5324-5331
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Molecular and Functional Analysis of the lepB Gene, Encoding a Type I Signal Peptidase from Rickettsia rickettsii and Rickettsia typhi.
M. S. Rahman, J. A. Simser, K. R. Macaluso, and A. F. Azad (2003)
J. Bacteriol. 185, 4578-4584
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Tropheryma whipplei Twist: A Human Pathogenic Actinobacteria With a Reduced Genome.
D. Raoult, H. Ogata, S. Audic, C. Robert, K. Suhre, M. Drancourt, and J.-M. Claverie (2003)
Genome Res. 13, 1800-1809
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Pitfalls in Detection of Novel Nanoorganisms.
K. Aho, E. O. Kajander, and D. Raoult (2003)
J. Clin. Microbiol. 41, 3460-3461
   Full Text »    PDF »
On the Nature of Gene Innovation: Duplication Patterns in Microbial Genomes.
S. D. Hooper and O. G. Berg (2003)
Mol. Biol. Evol. 20, 945-954
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
S-Adenosylmethionine Transport in Rickettsia prowazekii.
A. M. Tucker, H. H. Winkler, L. O. Driskell, and D. O. Wood (2003)
J. Bacteriol. 185, 3031-3035
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Complete genome sequence of the Q-fever pathogen Coxiellaburnetii.
R. Seshadri, I. T. Paulsen, J. A. Eisen, T. D. Read, K. E. Nelson, W. C. Nelson, N. L. Ward, H. Tettelin, T. M. Davidsen, M. J. Beanan, et al. (2003)
PNAS 100, 5455-5460
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Expression of Anaplasma marginale Major Surface Protein 2 Operon-Associated Proteins during Mammalian and Arthropod Infection.
C. V. Lohr, K. A. Brayton, V. Shkap, T. Molad, A. F. Barbet, W. C. Brown, and G. H. Palmer (2002)
Infect. Immun. 70, 6005-6012
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Transcriptional Analysis of Rickettsia prowazekii Invasion Gene Homolog (invA) during Host Cell Infection.
J. Gaywee, S. Radulovic, J. A. Higgins, and A. F. Azad (2002)
Infect. Immun. 70, 6346-6354
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Conserved Response Regulator CtrA and IHF Binding Sites in the {alpha}-Proteobacteria Caulobacter crescentus and Rickettsia prowazekii Chromosomal Replication Origins.
A. K. C. Brassinga, R. Siam, W. McSween, H. Winkler, D. Wood, and G. T. Marczynski (2002)
J. Bacteriol. 184, 5789-5799
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Congruent evolution of different classes of non-coding DNA in prokaryotic genomes.
I. B. Rogozin, K. S. Makarova, D. A. Natale, A. N. Spiridonov, R. L. Tatusov, Y. I. Wolf, J. Yin, and E. V. Koonin (2002)
Nucleic Acids Res. 30, 4264-4271
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Dictionary-driven protein annotation.
I. Rigoutsos, T. Huynh, A. Floratos, L. Parida, and D. Platt (2002)
Nucleic Acids Res. 30, 3901-3916
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Gene Location and Bacterial Sequence Divergence.
A. Mira and H. Ochman (2002)
Mol. Biol. Evol. 19, 1350-1358
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Evolving Genome of Salmonella enterica Serovar Pullorum.
G.-R. Liu, A. Rahn, W.-Q. Liu, K. E. Sanderson, R. N. Johnston, and S.-L. Liu (2002)
J. Bacteriol. 184, 2626-2633
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Characterization and Transcriptional Analysis of Gene Clusters for a Type IV Secretion Machinery in Human Granulocytic and Monocytic Ehrlichiosis Agents.
N. Ohashi, N. Zhi, Q. Lin, and Y. Rikihisa (2002)
Infect. Immun. 70, 2128-2138
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A Bacterial Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor Activates ARF on Legionella Phagosomes.
H. Nagai, J. C. Kagan, X. Zhu, R. A. Kahn, and C. R. Roy (2002)
Science 295, 679-682
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Genome Sequence of the Plant Pathogen and Biotechnology Agent Agrobacterium tumefaciens C58.
B. Goodner, G. Hinkle, S. Gattung, N. Miller, M. Blanchard, B. Qurollo, B. S. Goldman, Y. Cao, M. Askenazi, C. Halling, et al. (2001)
Science 294, 2323-2328
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Protein Coding Palindromes Are a Unique but Recurrent Feature in Rickettsia.
H. Ogata, S. Audic, C. Abergel, P.-E. Fournier, and J.-M. Claverie (2002)
Genome Res. 12, 808-816
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »


To Advertise     Find Products

Science. ISSN 0036-8075 (print), 1095-9203 (online)