Note to users. If you're seeing this message, it means that your browser cannot find this page's style/presentation instructions -- or possibly that you are using a browser that does not support current Web standards. Find out more about why this message is appearing, and what you can do to make your experience of our site the best it can be.

Site Tools

  • AAAS
  • Subscribe
  • Feedback

Site Search

Search Advanced

Science 10 August 2001:
Vol. 293. no. 5532, pp. 1089 - 1093
DOI: 10.1126/science.1063443

Review

Epigenetic Reprogramming in Mammalian Development

Wolf Reik,1* Wendy Dean,1 Jörn Walter2

DNA methylation is a major epigenetic modification of the genome that regulates crucial aspects of its function. Genomic methylation patterns in somatic differentiated cells are generally stable and heritable. However, in mammals there are at least two developmental periods--in germ cells and in preimplantation embryos--in which methylation patterns are reprogrammed genome wide, generating cells with a broad developmental potential. Epigenetic reprogramming in germ cells is critical for imprinting; reprogramming in early embryos also affects imprinting. Reprogramming is likely to have a crucial role in establishing nuclear totipotency in normal development and in cloned animals, and in the erasure of acquired epigenetic information. A role of reprogramming in stem cell differentiation is also envisaged.

1 Laboratory of Developmental Genetics and Imprinting, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB2 4AT, UK.
2 Universität des Saarlandes, Fr 8.2 Genetik, 66041 Saarbrücken, Germany.
*   To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: wolf.reik{at}bbsrc.ac.uk


Read the Full Text


THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES:
Maternal and zygotic Dnmt1 are necessary and sufficient for the maintenance of DNA methylation imprints during preimplantation development.
R. Hirasawa, H. Chiba, M. Kaneda, S. Tajima, E. Li, R. Jaenisch, and H. Sasaki (2008)
Genes & Dev. 22, 1607-1616
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Gestational weight gain and risk of overweight in the offspring at age 7 y in a multicenter, multiethnic cohort study.
B. H Wrotniak, J. Shults, S. Butts, and N. Stettler (2008)
Am. J. Clinical Nutrition 87, 1818-1824
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
S-adenosylhomocysteine treatment of adult female fibroblasts alters X-chromosome inactivation and improves in vitro embryo development after somatic cell nuclear transfer.
B.-G. Jeon, G. Coppola, S. D Perrault, G.-J. Rho, D. H Betts, and W A. King (2008)
Reproduction 135, 815-828
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
ECSA/DPPA2 is an Embryo-Cancer Antigen that Is Coexpressed with Cancer-Testis Antigens in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.
T. John, O. L. Caballero, S. J. Svobodova, A. Kong, R. Chua, J. Browning, S. Fortunato, S. Deb, M. Hsu, C. A. Gedye, et al. (2008)
Clin. Cancer Res. 14, 3291-3298
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Presence and role of cytosine methylation in DNA viruses of animals.
K. Hoelzer, L. A. Shackelton, and C. R. Parrish (2008)
Nucleic Acids Res. 36, 2825-2837
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Paternal Skeletal Size Predicts Intrauterine Bone Mineral Accrual.
N. C. Harvey, M. K. Javaid, J. R. Poole, P. Taylor, S. M. Robinson, H. M. Inskip, K. M. Godfrey, C. Cooper, E. M. Dennison, and Southampton Women's Survey Study Group (2008)
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 93, 1676-1681
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Quantitative Promoter Hypermethylation Analysis of Cancer-Related Genes in Salivary Gland Carcinomas: Comparison with Methylation-Specific PCR Technique and Clinical Significance.
E.-S. Lee, J.-P. Issa, D. B. Roberts, M. D. Williams, R. S. Weber, M. S. Kies, and A. K. El-Naggar (2008)
Clin. Cancer Res. 14, 2664-2672
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Effect of Epigenetic Modifications of Donor Somatic Cells on the Subsequent Chromatin Remodeling of Cloned Bovine Embryos.
A. M. Giraldo, D. A. Hylan, C. B. Ballard, M. N. Purpera, T. D. Vaught, J. W. Lynn, R. A. Godke, and K. R. Bondioli (2008)
Biol Reprod 78, 832-840
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Instability of Retroviral DNA Methylation in Embryonic Stem Cells.
S. Minoguchi and H. Iba (2008)
Stem Cells 26, 1166-1173
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Seminal discoveries in regenerative medicine: contributions of the male germ line to understanding pluripotency.
N. Geijsen and D. L. Jones (2008)
Hum. Mol. Genet. 17, R16-R22
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Postweaning Dietary Folate Deficiency Provided through Childhood to Puberty Permanently Increases Genomic DNA Methylation in Adult Rat Liver.
J. Kotsopoulos, K.-J. Sohn, and Y.-I. Kim (2008)
J. Nutr. 138, 703-709
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Is folic acid good for everyone?.
A D. Smith, Y.-I. Kim, and H. Refsum (2008)
Am. J. Clinical Nutrition 87, 517-533
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Capturing Epigenetic Dynamics During Pre-implantation Development Using Live Cell Imaging.
K. Yamagata (2008)
J. Biochem. 143, 279-286
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Epigenetic reprogramming in embryonic and foetal development upon somatic cell nuclear transfer cloning.
H. Niemann, X C. Tian, W A. King, and R. S F Lee (2008)
Reproduction 135, 151-163
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
CpG methylation plays a vital role in determining tissue- and cell-specific expression of the human cell-death-inducing DFF45-like effector A gene through the regulation of Sp1/Sp3 binding.
D. Li, L. Da, H. Tang, T. Li, and M. Zhao (2008)
Nucleic Acids Res. 36, 330-341
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Germ-line mutations, DNA damage, and global hypermethylation in mice exposed to particulate air pollution in an urban/industrial location.
C. Yauk, A. Polyzos, A. Rowan-Carroll, C. M. Somers, R. W. Godschalk, F. J. Van Schooten, M. L. Berndt, I. P. Pogribny, I. Koturbash, A. Williams, et al. (2008)
PNAS 105, 605-610
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Activity-Dependent Suppression of Miniature Neurotransmission through the Regulation of DNA Methylation.
E. D. Nelson, E. T. Kavalali, and L. M. Monteggia (2008)
J. Neurosci. 28, 395-406
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
RNA sequence analysis defines Dicer's role in mouse embryonic stem cells.
J. M. Calabrese, A. C. Seila, G. W. Yeo, and P. A. Sharp (2007)
PNAS 104, 18097-18102
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Role of the Dnmt3 family in de novo methylation of imprinted and repetitive sequences during male germ cell development in the mouse.
Y. Kato, M. Kaneda, K. Hata, K. Kumaki, M. Hisano, Y. Kohara, M. Okano, E. Li, M. Nozaki, and H. Sasaki (2007)
Hum. Mol. Genet. 16, 2272-2280
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Diet-induced hypermethylation at agouti viable yellow is not inherited transgenerationally through the female.
R. A. Waterland, M. Travisano, and K. G. Tahiliani (2007)
FASEB J 21, 3380-3385
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Autonomous Regulation of Sex-Specific Developmental Programming in Mouse Fetal Germ Cells.
K. Iwahashi, H. Yoshioka, E. W Low, J. R McCarrey, R. Yanagimachi, and Y. Yamazaki (2007)
Biol Reprod 77, 697-706
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Genomic profiling of CpG methylation and allelic specificity using quantitative high-throughput mass spectrometry: critical evaluation and improvements.
M. W. Coolen, A. L. Statham, M. Gardiner-Garden, and S. J. Clark (2007)
Nucleic Acids Res. 35, e119
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
In Vitro Fertilization Improves Childhood Growth and Metabolism.
H. L. Miles, P. L. Hofman, J. Peek, M. Harris, D. Wilson, E. M. Robinson, P. D. Gluckman, and W. S. Cutfield (2007)
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 92, 3441-3445
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Body Composition in Children and Adolescents Born after in Vitro Fertilization or Spontaneous Conception.
M. Ceelen, M. M. van Weissenbruch, J. C. Roos, J. P. W. Vermeiden, F. E. van Leeuwen, and H. A. Delemarre-van de Waal (2007)
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 92, 3417-3423
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Epigenetic Inheritance in Rice Plants.
K. Akimoto, H. Katakami, H.-J. Kim, E. Ogawa, C. M. Sano, Y. Wada, and H. Sano (2007)
Ann. Bot. 100, 205-217
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Pioneer factor interactions and unmethylated CpG dinucleotides mark silent tissue-specific enhancers in embryonic stem cells.
J. Xu, S. D. Pope, A. R. Jazirehi, J. L. Attema, P. Papathanasiou, J. A. Watts, K. S. Zaret, I. L. Weissman, and S. T. Smale (2007)
PNAS 104, 12377-12382
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Epigenetics in Male Germ Cells.
K. Biermann and K. Steger (2007)
J Androl 28, 466-480
   Full Text »    PDF »
Transcription factor binding and modified histones in human bidirectional promoters.
J. M. Lin, P. J. Collins, N. D. Trinklein, Y. Fu, H. Xi, R. M. Myers, and Z. Weng (2007)
Genome Res. 17, 818-827
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Maternal Cocaine Administration Causes an Epigenetic Modification of Protein Kinase C{epsilon} Gene Expression in Fetal Rat Heart.
H. Zhang, A. Darwanto, T. A. Linkhart, L. C. Sowers, and L. Zhang (2007)
Mol. Pharmacol. 71, 1319-1328
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
De novo DNA methyltransferase is essential for self-renewal, but not for differentiation, in hematopoietic stem cells.
Y. Tadokoro, H. Ema, M. Okano, E. Li, and H. Nakauchi (2007)
J. Exp. Med. 204, 715-722
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Action at a distance: epigenetic silencing of large chromosomal regions in carcinogenesis.
S. J. Clark (2007)
Hum. Mol. Genet. 16, R88-R95
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Perspectives: The Possible Influence of Assisted Reproductive Technologies on Transgenerational Reproductive Effects of Environmental Endocrine Disruptors.
T. M. Price, S. K. Murphy, and E. V. Younglai (2007)
Toxicol. Sci. 96, 218-226
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Temporal expression of factors involved in chromatin remodeling and in gene regulation during early bovine in vitro embryo development.
S. McGraw, C. Vigneault, and M.-A. Sirard (2007)
Reproduction 133, 597-608
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Epigenetics and cancer: towards an evaluation of the impact of environmental and dietary factors.
Z. Herceg (2007)
Mutagenesis 22, 91-103
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Sex-specific promoters regulate Dnmt3L expression in mouse germ cells.
T.C. Shovlin, D. Bourc'his, S. La Salle, A. O'Doherty, J.M. Trasler, T.H. Bestor, and C.P. Walsh (2007)
Hum. Reprod. 22, 457-467
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Chimeric DNA methyltransferases target DNA methylation to specific DNA sequences and repress expression of target genes.
F. Li, M. Papworth, M. Minczuk, C. Rohde, Y. Zhang, S. Ragozin, and A. Jeltsch (2007)
Nucleic Acids Res. 35, 100-112
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A unique configuration of genome-wide DNA methylation patterns in the testis.
C. C. Oakes, S. La Salle, D. J. Smiraglia, B. Robaire, and J. M. Trasler (2007)
PNAS 104, 228-233
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Alterations in epigenetic modifications during oocyte growth in mice.
S.-i. Kageyama, H. Liu, N. Kaneko, M. Ooga, M. Nagata, and F. Aoki (2007)
Reproduction 133, 85-94
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Concise Review: Epigenetic Mechanisms Contribute to Pluripotency and Cell Lineage Determination of Embryonic Stem Cells.
Q. Gan, T. Yoshida, O. G. McDonald, and G. K. Owens (2007)
Stem Cells 25, 2-9
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Epigenetic Marks in Cloned Rhesus Monkey Embryos: Comparison with Counterparts Produced In Vitro.
J. Yang, S. Yang, N. Beaujean, Y. Niu, X. He, Y. Xie, X. Tang, L. Wang, Q. Zhou, and W. Ji (2007)
Biol Reprod 76, 36-42
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Dynamics of global transcriptome in bovine matured oocytes and preimplantation embryos.
M. Misirlioglu, G. P. Page, H. Sagirkaya, A. Kaya, J. J. Parrish, N. L. First, and E. Memili (2006)
PNAS 103, 18905-18910
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
External influences on the fetus and their long-term consequences.
D I. Phillips (2006)
Lupus 15, 794-800
   Abstract »    PDF »
Reprogramming somatic cells into stem cells..
R. Alberio, K. H Campbell, and A. D Johnson (2006)
Reproduction 132, 709-720
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Regulation of Seed Size by Hypomethylation of Maternal and Paternal Genomes.
W. Xiao, R. C. Brown, B. E. Lemmon, J. J. Harada, R. B. Goldberg, and R. L. Fischer (2006)
Plant Physiology 142, 1160-1168
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Epigenetic Gene Regulation in the Bacterial World.
J. Casadesus and D. Low (2006)
Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 70, 830-856
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Phenotypic abnormalities observed in aged cloned mice from embryonic stem cells after long-term maintenance..
N. Shimozawa, Y. Sotomaru, N. Eguchi, S. Suzuki, K. Hioki, T. Usui, T. Kono, and M. Ito (2006)
Reproduction 132, 435-441
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The human X chromosome is enriched for germline genes expressed in premeiotic germ cells of both sexes.
M. Koslowski, U. Sahin, C. Huber, and O. Tureci (2006)
Hum. Mol. Genet. 15, 2392-2399
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Epigenetic characteristics of cloned and in vitro-fertilized swamp buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) embryos.
T. Suteevun, R. Parnpai, S. L. Smith, C-C. Chang, S. Muenthaisong, and X. C. Tian (2006)
J Anim Sci 84, 2065-2071
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Active cytosine demethylation triggered by a nuclear receptor involves DNA strand breaks.
C. Kress, H. Thomassin, and T. Grange (2006)
PNAS 103, 11112-11117
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Histone Methyltransferase SETDB1 and the DNA Methyltransferase DNMT3A Interact Directly and Localize to Promoters Silenced in Cancer Cells.
H. Li, T. Rauch, Z.-X. Chen, P. E. Szabo, A. D. Riggs, and G. P. Pfeifer (2006)
J. Biol. Chem. 281, 19489-19500
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection-An Assisted Reproduction Technique That Should Make Us Cautious About Imprinting Deregulation.
N. Nikolettos, B. Asimakopoulos, and I. S. Papastefanou (2006)
Reproductive Sciences 13, 317-328
   Abstract »    PDF »
E Proteins and Id2 Converge on p57Kip2 To Regulate Cell Cycle in Neural Cells..
G. Rothschild, X. Zhao, A. Iavarone, and A. Lasorella (2006)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 26, 4351-4361
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Epigenetic Transgenerational Actions of Endocrine Disruptors.
M. D. Anway and M. K. Skinner (2006)
Endocrinology 147, s43-s49
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Assessing the Effects of High Methionine Intake on DNA Methylation.
R. A. Waterland (2006)
J. Nutr. 136, 1706S-1710S
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Generation of Transgenic Rabbits by the Novel Technique of Chimeric Somatic Cell Cloning.
M. Skrzyszowska, Z. Smorag, R. Slomski, L. Katska-Ksiazkiewicz, R. Kalak, E. Michalak, K. Wielgus, J. Lehmann, D. Lipinski, M. Szalata, et al. (2006)
Biol Reprod 74, 1114-1120
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
DEMETER and REPRESSOR OF SILENCING 1 encode 5-methylcytosine DNA glycosylases.
T. Morales-Ruiz, A. P. Ortega-Galisteo, M. I. Ponferrada-Marin, M. I. Martinez-Macias, R. R. Ariza, and T. Roldan-Arjona (2006)
PNAS 103, 6853-6858
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
DNA Methylation-dependent Epigenetic Regulation of Dimethylarginine Dimethylaminohydrolase 2 Gene in Trophoblast Cell Lineage.
J. Tomikawa, K. Fukatsu, S. Tanaka, and K. Shiota (2006)
J. Biol. Chem. 281, 12163-12169
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Expression of Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase Subunit (TERT) and Telomere Sizing in Pig Ovarian Follicles.
V. Russo, P. Berardinelli, A. Martelli, O. Di Giacinto, D. Nardinocchi, D. Fantasia, and B. Barboni (2006)
J. Histochem. Cytochem. 54, 443-455
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
DNA Methylation Is Critical for Arabidopsis Embryogenesis and Seed Viability.
W. Xiao, K. D. Custard, R. C. Brown, B. E. Lemmon, J. J. Harada, R. B. Goldberg, and R. L. Fischer (2006)
PLANT CELL 18, 805-814
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Comparative birth weights of singletons born after assisted reproduction and natural conception in previously infertile women.
C. De Geyter, M. De Geyter, S. Steimann, H. Zhang, and W. Holzgreve (2006)
Hum. Reprod. 21, 705-712
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Accuracy of DNA methylation pattern preservation by the Dnmt1 methyltransferase.
R. Goyal, R. Reinhardt, and A. Jeltsch (2006)
Nucleic Acids Res. 34, 1182-1188
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A genome-wide analysis of CpG dinucleotides in the human genome distinguishes two distinct classes of promoters.
S. Saxonov, P. Berg, and D. L. Brutlag (2006)
PNAS 103, 1412-1417
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Microarray-based DNA methylation profiling: technology and applications.
A. Schumacher, P. Kapranov, Z. Kaminsky, J. Flanagan, A. Assadzadeh, P. Yau, C. Virtanen, N. Winegarden, J. Cheng, T. Gingeras, et al. (2006)
Nucleic Acids Res. 34, 528-542
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Temporal and parental-specific expression of imprinted genes in a newly derived Chinese human embryonic stem cell line and embryoid bodies.
B. W. Sun, A. C. Yang, Y. Feng, Y. J. Sun, Y. f. Zhu, Y. Zhang, H. Jiang, C. L. Li, F. R. Gao, Z. H. Zhang, et al. (2006)
Hum. Mol. Genet. 15, 65-75
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Temperature-Dependent Change in Methylation of the Antirrhinum Transposon Tam3 Is Controlled by the Activity of Its Transposase.
S.-N. Hashida, T. Uchiyama, C. Martin, Y. Kishima, Y. Sano, and T. Mikami (2006)
PLANT CELL 18, 104-118
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
CpG-binding Protein (CXXC Finger Protein 1) Is a Component of the Mammalian Set1 Histone H3-Lys4 Methyltransferase Complex, the Analogue of the Yeast Set1/COMPASS Complex.
J.-H. Lee and D. G. Skalnik (2005)
J. Biol. Chem. 280, 41725-41731
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Different signaling pathways inhibit DNA methylation activity and up-regulate IFN-{gamma} in human lymphocytes.
V. Bonilla-Henao, R. Martinez, F. Sobrino, and E. Pintado (2005)
J. Leukoc. Biol. 78, 1339-1346
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Epigenetics and its Implications for Plant Biology. 1. The Epigenetic Network in Plants.
R. T. GRANT-DOWNTON and H. G. DICKINSON (2005)
Ann. Bot. 96, 1143-1164
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Cancer-Testis Genes Are Coordinately Expressed and Are Markers of Poor Outcome in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.
A. O. Gure, R. Chua, B. Williamson, M. Gonen, C. A. Ferrera, S. Gnjatic, G. Ritter, A. J.G. Simpson, Y.-T. Chen, L. J. Old, et al. (2005)
Clin. Cancer Res. 11, 8055-8062
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Germline Epimutation: A Basis for Epigenetic Disease in Humans.
D. I.K. MARTIN, R. WARD, and C. M. SUTER (2005)
Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1054, 68-77
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Murine Family of Gut-Restricted Class Ib MHC Includes Alternatively Spliced Isoforms of the Proposed HLA-G Homolog, "Blastocyst MHC".
P. A. Guidry and I. Stroynowski (2005)
J. Immunol. 175, 5248-5259
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Differential methylation of genes and repeats in land plants.
P. D. Rabinowicz, R. Citek, M. A. Budiman, A. Nunberg, J. A. Bedell, N. Lakey, A. L. O'Shaughnessy, L. U. Nascimento, W. R. McCombie, and R. A. Martienssen (2005)
Genome Res. 15, 1431-1440
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Cardiac Stem Cells and Mechanisms of Myocardial Regeneration.
A. Leri, J. Kajstura, and P. Anversa (2005)
Physiol Rev 85, 1373-1416
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Transcriptome analysis in blastocyst hatching by cDNA microarray.
H.-W. Chen, J. J.W. Chen, S.-L. Yu, H.-N. Li, P.-C. Yang, C.-M. Su, H.-K. Au, C.-W. Chang, L.-W. Chien, C.-S. Chen, et al. (2005)
Hum. Reprod. 20, 2492-2501
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells and Cellular Microenvironment: Behavioral and Molecular Changes upon Interaction.
W. Wagner, R. Saffrich, U. Wirkner, V. Eckstein, J. Blake, A. Ansorge, C. Schwager, F. Wein, K. Miesala, W. Ansorge, et al. (2005)
Stem Cells 23, 1180-1191
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Comparative Phylogenetic Analysis of Blcap/Nnat Reveals Eutherian-Specific Imprinted Gene.
H. K. Evans, J. R. Weidman, D. O. Cowley, and R. L. Jirtle (2005)
Mol. Biol. Evol. 22, 1740-1748
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Mutation scanning by meltMADGE: Validations using BRCA1 and LDLR, and demonstration of the potential to identify severe, moderate, silent, rare, and paucimorphic mutations in the general population.
K. K. Alharbi, M. A. Aldahmesh, E. Spanakis, L. Haddad, R. A. Whittall, X.-h. Chen, H. Rassoulian, M. J. Smith, J. Sillibourne, N. J. Ball, et al. (2005)
Genome Res. 15, 967-977
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The capability of reprogramming the male chromatin after fertilization is dependent on the quality of oocyte maturation.
L. Gioia, B. Barboni, M. Turriani, G. Capacchietti, M. G. Pistilli, P. Berardinelli, and M. Mattioli (2005)
Reproduction 130, 29-39
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Spermatozoal nuclear determinants of reproductive outcome: implications for ART.
E. Seli and D. Sakkas (2005)
Hum. Reprod. Update 11, 337-349
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Comparisons of Brain, Uterus, and Liver mRNA Expression for Cytochrome P450s, DNA Methyltransferase-1, and Catechol-O-Methyltransferase in Prepubertal Female Sprague-Dawley Rats Exposed to a Mixture of Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Agonists.
D. Desaulniers, G.-H. Xiao, K. Leingartner, I. Chu, B. Musicki, and B. K. Tsang (2005)
Toxicol. Sci. 86, 175-184
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Reduced Genomic Cytosine Methylation and Defective Cellular Differentiation in Embryonic Stem Cells Lacking CpG Binding Protein.
D. L. Carlone, J.-H. Lee, S. R. L. Young, E. Dobrota, J. S. Butler, J. Ruiz, and D. G. Skalnik (2005)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 25, 4881-4891
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Identity Deception: Not a Crime for a Stem Cell.
A. Leri, J. Kajstura, and P. Anversa (2005)
Physiology 20, 162-168
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
5-Aza-Deoxycytidine Induces Selective Degradation of DNA Methyltransferase 1 by a Proteasomal Pathway That Requires the KEN Box, Bromo-Adjacent Homology Domain, and Nuclear Localization Signal.
K. Ghoshal, J. Datta, S. Majumder, S. Bai, H. Kutay, T. Motiwala, and S. T. Jacob (2005)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 25, 4727-4741
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
An N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea screen for genes involved in variegation in the mouse.
M. E. Blewitt, N. K. Vickaryous, S. J. Hemley, A. Ashe, T. J. Bruxner, J. I. Preis, R. Arkell, and E. Whitelaw (2005)
PNAS 102, 7629-7634
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Evolutionary Diversification of DNA Methyltransferases in Eukaryotic Genomes.
L. Ponger and W.-H. Li (2005)
Mol. Biol. Evol. 22, 1119-1128
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Meiotic and epigenetic defects in Dnmt3L-knockout mouse spermatogenesis.
K. E. Webster, M. K. O'Bryan, S. Fletcher, P. E. Crewther, U. Aapola, J. Craig, D. K. Harrison, H. Aung, N. Phutikanit, R. Lyle, et al. (2005)
PNAS 102, 4068-4073
   Abstract »