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Science 27 April 2001:
Vol. 292. no. 5517, pp. 686 - 693
DOI: 10.1126/science.1059412
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Review

Trends, Rhythms, and Aberrations in Global Climate 65 Ma to Present

James Zachos,1* Mark Pagani,1 Lisa Sloan,1 Ellen Thomas,23 Katharina Billups4

Since 65 million years ago (Ma), Earth's climate has undergone a significant and complex evolution, the finer details of which are now coming to light through investigations of deep-sea sediment cores. This evolution includes gradual trends of warming and cooling driven by tectonic processes on time scales of 105 to 107 years, rhythmic or periodic cycles driven by orbital processes with 104- to 106-year cyclicity, and rare rapid aberrant shifts and extreme climate transients with durations of 103 to 105 years. Here, recent progress in defining the evolution of global climate over the Cenozoic Era is reviewed. We focus primarily on the periodic and anomalous components of variability over the early portion of this era, as constrained by the latest generation of deep-sea isotope records. We also consider how this improved perspective has led to the recognition of previously unforeseen mechanisms for altering climate.

1 Earth Sciences Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.
2 Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06459, USA.
3 Center for the Study of Global Change, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8105, USA.
4 College of Marine Studies, University of Delaware, Lewes, DE 19958, USA.
*   To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: jzachos{at}es.ucsc.edu

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R. H. James and W. E. N. Austin (2008)
Geological Society, London, Special Publications 303, 3-32
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On the use of benthic foraminiferal {delta}13C in palaeoceanography: constraints from primary proxy relationships.
A. Mackensen (2008)
Geological Society, London, Special Publications 303, 121-133
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A universal driver of macroevolutionary change in the size of marine phytoplankton over the Cenozoic.
Z. V. Finkel, J. Sebbo, S. Feist-Burkhardt, A. J. Irwin, M. E. Katz, O. M. E. Schofield, J. R. Young, and P. G. Falkowski (2007)
PNAS 104, 20416-20420
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Science. ISSN 0036-8075 (print), 1095-9203 (online)