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Science 23 February 2001:
Vol. 291. no. 5508, pp. 1544 - 1547
DOI: 10.1126/science.291.5508.1544
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Reports

Induction of Direct Antimicrobial Activity Through Mammalian Toll-Like Receptors

Sybille Thoma-Uszynski,1* Steffen Stenger,2* Osamu Takeuchi,3 Maria Teresa Ochoa,1 Matthias Engele,2 Peter A. Sieling,1 Peter F. Barnes,4 Martin Röllinghoff,2 Pal L. Bölcskei,5 Manfred Wagner,5 Shizuo Akira,3 Michael V. Norgard,6 John T. Belisle,7 Paul J. Godowski,8 Barry R. Bloom,9 Robert L. Modlin1dagger

The mammalian innate immune system retains from Drosophila a family of homologous Toll-like receptors (TLRs) that mediate responses to microbial ligands. Here, we show that TLR2 activation leads to killing of intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis in both mouse and human macrophages, through distinct mechanisms. In mouse macrophages, bacterial lipoprotein activation of TLR2 leads to a nitric oxide-dependent killing of intracellular tubercle bacilli, but in human monocytes and alveolar macrophages, this pathway was nitric oxide-independent. Thus, mammalian TLRs respond (as Drosophila Toll receptors do) to microbial ligands and also have the ability to activate antimicrobial effector pathways at the site of infection.

1 Division of Dermatology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
2 Institute for Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Universität Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
3 Department of Host Defense, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
4 Center for Pulmonary and Infectious Disease Control, Departments of Medicine, Cell Biology, and Immunology, University of Texas Health Center, Tyler, TX 75708-3154, USA.
5 Klinikum Nürnberg, Medical Clinic 3, 90419 Nürnberg, Germany.
6 University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA.
7 Department of Microbiology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
8 Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
9 Office of the Dean, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
*   These authors contributed equally to this work.

dagger    To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: rmodlin{at}mednet.ucla.edu

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   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Differential Role of MyD88 in Macrophage-Mediated Responses to Opportunistic Fungal Pathogens.
K. A. Marr, S. Arunmozhi Balajee, T. R. Hawn, A. Ozinsky, U. Pham, S. Akira, A. Aderem, and W. Conrad Liles (2003)
Infect. Immun. 71, 5280-5286
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TLR2 as an essential molecule for protective immunity against Toxoplasma gondii infection.
H.-S. Mun, F. Aosai, K. Norose, M. Chen, L.-X. Piao, O. Takeuchi, S. Akira, H. Ishikura, and A. Yano (2003)
Int. Immunol. 15, 1081-1087
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Toll-Like Receptors in Health and Disease: Complex Questions Remain.
I. Sabroe, R. C. Read, M. K. B. Whyte, D. H. Dockrell, S. N. Vogel, and S. K. Dower (2003)
J. Immunol. 171, 1630-1635
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Investigation of the Role of CD8+ T Cells in Bovine Tuberculosis In Vivo.
B. Villarreal-Ramos, M. McAulay, V. Chance, M. Martin, J. Morgan, and C. J. Howard (2003)
Infect. Immun. 71, 4297-4303
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Alternate Class I MHC Antigen Processing Is Inhibited by Toll-Like Receptor Signaling Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns: Mycobacterium tuberculosis 19-kDa Lipoprotein, CpG DNA, and Lipopolysaccharide.
A. A. R. Tobian, N. S. Potter, L. Ramachandra, R. K. Pai, M. Convery, W. H. Boom, and C. V. Harding (2003)
J. Immunol. 171, 1413-1422
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis Pathogenesis and Molecular Determinants of Virulence.
I. Smith (2003)
Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 16, 463-496
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Toll-Like Receptor 4-Defective C3H/HeJ Mice Are Not More Susceptible than Other C3H Substrains to Infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
A. B. Kamath, J. Alt, H. Debbabi, and S. M. Behar (2003)
Infect. Immun. 71, 4112-4118
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Associations between Toll-Like Receptors and Interleukin-4 in the Lungs of Patients with Tuberculosis.
G. Fenhalls, G. R. Squires, L. Stevens-Muller, J. Bezuidenhout, G. Amphlett, K. Duncan, and P. T. Lukey (2003)
Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 29, 28-38
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The Mycobacterium tuberculosis Recombinant 27-Kilodalton Lipoprotein Induces a Strong Th1-Type Immune Response Deleterious to Protection.
A.-H. Hovav, J. Mullerad, L. Davidovitch, Y. Fishman, F. Bigi, A. Cataldi, and H. Bercovier (2003)
Infect. Immun. 71, 3146-3154
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Parasite-Specific Immunomodulatory Functions of Filarial Cystatin.
P. Schierack, R. Lucius, B. Sonnenburg, K. Schilling, and S. Hartmann (2003)
Infect. Immun. 71, 2422-2429
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A Role for Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells-1 in Host Defense During the Early-Induced and Adaptive Phases of the Immune Response.
J. R. Bleharski, V. Kiessler, C. Buonsanti, P. A. Sieling, S. Stenger, M. Colonna, and R. L. Modlin (2003)
J. Immunol. 170, 3812-3818
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Expression of Toll-Like Receptor 2 on Human Schwann Cells: a Mechanism of Nerve Damage in Leprosy.
R. B. Oliveira, M. T. Ochoa, P. A. Sieling, T. H. Rea, A. Rambukkana, E. N. Sarno, and R. L. Modlin (2003)
Infect. Immun. 71, 1427-1433
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The 19-kDa Mycobacterium tuberculosis Protein Induces Macrophage Apoptosis Through Toll-Like Receptor-2.
M. Lopez, L. M. Sly, Y. Luu, D. Young, H. Cooper, and N. E. Reiner (2003)
J. Immunol. 170, 2409-2416
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Cutting Edge: Carbohydrate Profiling Identifies New Pathogens That Interact with Dendritic Cell-Specific ICAM-3-Grabbing Nonintegrin on Dendritic Cells.
B. J. Appelmelk, I. van Die, S. J. van Vliet, C. M. J. E. Vandenbroucke-Grauls, T. B. H. Geijtenbeek, and Y. van Kooyk (2003)
J. Immunol. 170, 1635-1639
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Regulation of Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Gene Expression by Mycobacteria Involves the Assembly of a Unique Enhanceosome Dependent on the Coactivator Proteins CBP/p300.
R. Barthel, A. V. Tsytsykova, A. K. Barczak, E. Y. Tsai, C. C. Dascher, M. B. Brenner, and A. E. Goldfeld (2003)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 23, 526-533
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Recognition of lipopeptides by Toll-like receptors.
K. Takeda, O. Takeuchi, and S. Akira (2002)
Innate Immunity 8, 459-463
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Differences in Expression of Toll-Like Receptors and Their Reactivities in Dendritic Cells in BALB/c and C57BL/6 Mice.
T. Liu, T. Matsuguchi, N. Tsuboi, T. Yajima, and Y. Yoshikai (2002)
Infect. Immun. 70, 6638-6645
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Modulation of endotoxin-induced NF-kappa B activation in lung and liver through TNF type 1 and IL-1 receptors.
M. A. Koay, J. W. Christman, L. J. Wudel, T. Allos, D.-S. Cheng, W. C. Chapman, and T. S. Blackwell (2002)
Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 283, L1247-L1254
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Inhibition of p38 MAPK by Glucocorticoids via Induction of MAPK Phosphatase-1 Enhances Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae-induced Expression of Toll-like Receptor 2.
A. Imasato, C. Desbois-Mouthon, J. Han, H. Kai, A. C. B. Cato, S. Akira, and J.-D. Li (2002)
J. Biol. Chem. 277, 47444-47450
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Cutting Edge: Toll-Like Receptor (TLR)2- and TLR4-Mediated Pathogen Recognition in Resistance to Airborne Infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
N. Reiling, C. Holscher, A. Fehrenbach, S. Kroger, C. J. Kirschning, S. Goyert, and S. Ehlers (2002)
J. Immunol. 169, 3480-3484
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MyD88-Dependent but Toll-Like Receptor 2-Independent Innate Immunity to Listeria: No Role for Either in Macrophage Listericidal Activity.
B. T. Edelson and E. R. Unanue (2002)
J. Immunol. 169, 3869-3875
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Toll-Like Receptor 4 Expression Is Required to Control Chronic Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection in Mice.
B. Abel, N. Thieblemont, V. J. F. Quesniaux, N. Brown, J. Mpagi, K. Miyake, F. Bihl, and B. Ryffel (2002)
J. Immunol. 169, 3155-3162
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Variable expression of Toll-like receptor in murine innate and adaptive immune cell lines.
S. E. Applequist, R. P. A. Wallin, and H.-G. Ljunggren (2002)
Int. Immunol. 14, 1065-1074
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Activation of Toll-Like Receptor 2 in Acne Triggers Inflammatory Cytokine Responses.
J. Kim, M.-T. Ochoa, S. R. Krutzik, O. Takeuchi, S. Uematsu, A. J. Legaspi, H. D. Brightbill, D. Holland, W. J. Cunliffe, S. Akira, et al. (2002)
J. Immunol. 169, 1535-1541
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Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase in the Tuberculous Human Lung.
C. Nathan (2002)
Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 166, 130-131
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