Note to users. If you're seeing this message, it means that your browser cannot find this page's style/presentation instructions -- or possibly that you are using a browser that does not support current Web standards. Find out more about why this message is appearing, and what you can do to make your experience of our site the best it can be.

Science 10 November 2000:
Vol. 290. no. 5494, pp. 1151 - 1155
DOI: 10.1126/science.290.5494.1151
Prev | Table of Contents | Next

Reports

The Evolutionary Fate and Consequences of Duplicate Genes

Michael Lynch,1* and John S. Conery2

Gene duplication has generally been viewed as a necessary source of material for the origin of evolutionary novelties, but it is unclear how often gene duplicates arise and how frequently they evolve new functions. Observations from the genomic databases for several eukaryotic species suggest that duplicate genes arise at a very high rate, on average 0.01 per gene per million years. Most duplicated genes experience a brief period of relaxed selection early in their history, with a moderate fraction of them evolving in an effectively neutral manner during this period. However, the vast majority of gene duplicates are silenced within a few million years, with the few survivors subsequently experiencing strong purifying selection. Although duplicate genes may only rarely evolve new functions, the stochastic silencing of such genes may play a significant role in the passive origin of new species.

1 Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA.
2 Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA.
*   To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: mlynch{at}oregon.uoregon.edu

Read the Full Text


THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES:
Paleopolyploidy in the Brassicales: Analyses of the Cleome Transcriptome Elucidate the History of Genome Duplications in Arabidopsis and Other Brassicales.
M. S. Barker, H. Vogel, and M. E. Schranz (2009)
Gen Biol Evol 2009, 391-399
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Duplication of the class I cytosolic small heat shock protein gene and potential functional divergence revealed by sequence variations flanking the {alpha}-crystallin domain in the genus Rhododendron (Ericaceae).
P.-C. Liao, T.-P. Lin, W.-C. Lan, J.-D. Chung, and S.-Y. Hwang (2009)
Ann. Bot.
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Complex selection on 5' splice sites in intron-rich organisms.
M. Irimia, S. W. Roy, D. E. Neafsey, J. F. Abril, J. Garcia-Fernandez, and E. V. Koonin (2009)
Genome Res. 19, 2021-2027
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Comparative genomics of protoploid Saccharomycetaceae.
The Genolevures Consortium, J.-L. Souciet, B. Dujon, C. Gaillardin, M. Johnston, P. V. Baret, P. Cliften, D. J. Sherman, J. Weissenbach, E. Westhof, et al. (2009)
Genome Res. 19, 1696-1709
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Rapid Sequence Evolution of Transcription Factors Controlling Neuron Differentiation in Caenorhabditis.
R. Jovelin (2009)
Mol. Biol. Evol. 26, 2373-2386
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Distinguishing Among Evolutionary Models for the Maintenance of Gene Duplicates.
M. W. Hahn (2009)
J. Hered. 100, 605-617
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Splicing Variation at a FLOWERING LOCUS C Homeolog Is Associated With Flowering Time Variation in the Tetraploid Capsella bursa-pastoris.
T. Slotte, H.-R. Huang, K. Holm, A. Ceplitis, K. St. Onge, J. Chen, U. Lagercrantz, and M. Lascoux (2009)
Genetics 183, 337-345
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Evolutionary and Expression Signatures of Pseudogenes in Arabidopsis and Rice.
C. Zou, M. D. Lehti-Shiu, F. Thibaud-Nissen, T. Prakash, C. R. Buell, and S.-H. Shiu (2009)
Plant Physiology 151, 3-15
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The CKK Domain (DUF1781) Binds Microtubules and Defines the CAMSAP/ssp4 Family of Animal Proteins.
A. J. Baines, P. A. Bignone, M. D.A. King, A. M. Maggs, P. M. Bennett, J. C. Pinder, and G. W. Phillips (2009)
Mol. Biol. Evol. 26, 2005-2014
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Origin and Diversification of Land Plant CC-Type Glutaredoxins.
M. Ziemann, M. Bhave, and S. Zachgo (2009)
Gen Biol Evol 2009, 265-277
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Probabilistic Orthology Analysis.
B. Sennblad and J. Lagergren (2009)
Syst Biol
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
On the Origins of Species: Does Evolution Repeat Itself in Polyploid Populations of Independent Origin?.
D.E. Soltis, R.J.A. Buggs, W.B. Barbazuk, P.S. Schnable, and P.S. Soltis (2009)
Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol
   Abstract »    PDF »
Transcript Profiling Provides Evidence of Functional Divergence and Expression Networks among Ribosomal Protein Gene Paralogs in Brassica napus.
C. A. Whittle and J. E. Krochko (2009)
PLANT CELL 21, 2203-2219
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A Single-Copy IS5-Like Transposon in the Genome of a Bdelloid Rotifer.
E. A. Gladyshev and I. R. Arkhipova (2009)
Mol. Biol. Evol. 26, 1921-1929
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Hybrid Origins and Homoploid Reticulate Evolution within Heliosperma (Sileneae, Caryophyllaceae)--A Multigene Phylogenetic Approach with Relative Dating.
B. Frajman, F. Eggens, and B. Oxelman (2009)
Syst Biol
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Molecular Evolution and Functional Diversification of Fatty Acid Desaturases after Recurrent Gene Duplication in Drosophila.
S. Fang, C.-T. Ting, C.-R. Lee, K.-H. Chu, C.-C. Wang, and S.-C. Tsaur (2009)
Mol. Biol. Evol. 26, 1447-1456
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Comparative inference of illegitimate recombination between rice and sorghum duplicated genes produced by polyploidization.
X. Wang, H. Tang, J. E. Bowers, and A. H. Paterson (2009)
Genome Res. 19, 1026-1032
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Minimal Effect of Ectopic Gene Conversion Among Recent Duplicates in Four Mammalian Genomes.
C. L. McGrath, C. Casola, and M. W. Hahn (2009)
Genetics 182, 615-622
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Reciprocal Silencing, Transcriptional Bias and Functional Divergence of Homeologs in Polyploid Cotton (Gossypium).
B. Chaudhary, L. Flagel, R. M. Stupar, J. A. Udall, N. Verma, N. M. Springer, and J. F. Wendel (2009)
Genetics 182, 503-517
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Advancing Genetic Theory and Application by Metabolic Quantitative Trait Loci Analysis.
DanielJ. Kliebenstein (2009)
PLANT CELL 21, 1637-1646
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Molecular Evolution of the Drosophila Retinome: Exceptional Gene Gain in the Higher Diptera.
R. Bao and M. Friedrich (2009)
Mol. Biol. Evol. 26, 1273-1287
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Evolution of the Caenorhabditis elegans Genome.
A. D. Cutter, A. Dey, and R. L. Murray (2009)
Mol. Biol. Evol. 26, 1199-1234
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Adaptive evolution of young gene duplicates in mammals.
M. V. Han, J. P. Demuth, C. L. McGrath, C. Casola, and M. W. Hahn (2009)
Genome Res. 19, 859-867
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Microsatellite Characterization and Marker Development from Public EST and WGS Databases in the Reef-Building Coral Acropora millepora (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Scleractinia).
S. Wang, L. Zhang, and M. Matz (2009)
J. Hered. 100, 329-337
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Correlation of Evolutionary Rate with Pathway Position in Plant Terpenoid Biosynthesis.
H. Ramsay, L. H. Rieseberg, and K. Ritland (2009)
Mol. Biol. Evol. 26, 1045-1053
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Simultaneous Bayesian gene tree reconstruction and reconciliation analysis.
O. Akerborg, B. Sennblad, L. Arvestad, and J. Lagergren (2009)
PNAS 106, 5714-5719
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
From the Cover: Plants with double genomes might have had a better chance to survive the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction event.
J. A. Fawcett, S. Maere, and Y. Van de Peer (2009)
PNAS 106, 5737-5742
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Surviving the K-T mass extinction: New perspectives of polyploidization in angiosperms.
D. E. Soltis and J. G. Burleigh (2009)
PNAS 106, 5455-5456
   Full Text »    PDF »
Structure and expression analysis of rice paleo duplications.
M. Throude, S. Bolot, M. Bosio, C. Pont, X. Sarda, U. M. Quraishi, F. Bourgis, P. Lessard, P. Rogowsky, A. Ghesquiere, et al. (2009)
Nucleic Acids Res. 37, 1248-1259
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Darwinian evolution in the light of genomics.
E. V. Koonin (2009)
Nucleic Acids Res. 37, 1011-1034
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Gene Content and Distribution in the Nuclear Genome of Fragaria vesca.
A. C. Pontaroli, R. L. Rogers, Q. Zhang, M. E. Shields, T. M. Davis, K. M. Folta, P. SanMiguel, and J. L. Bennetzen (2009)
The Plant Genome 2, 93-101
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Detecting heterozygosity in shotgun genome assemblies: Lessons from obligately outcrossing nematodes.
A. Barriere, S.-P. Yang, E. Pekarek, C. G. Thomas, E. S. Haag, and I. Ruvinsky (2009)
Genome Res. 19, 470-480
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Evolution and Function of Carotenoid Hydroxylases in Arabidopsis.
J. Kim, J. J. Smith, L. Tian, and D. DellaPenna (2009)
Plant Cell Physiol. 50, 463-479
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Duplicate genes increase expression diversity in closely related species and allopolyploids.
M. Ha, E.-D. Kim, and Z. J. Chen (2009)
PNAS 106, 2295-2300
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Cloning and heterologous expression of a novel ligninolytic peroxidase gene from poroid brown-rot fungus Antrodia cinnamomea.
S. T. Huang, S. S. Tzean, B. Y. Tsai, and H. J. Hsieh (2009)
Microbiology 155, 424-433
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Genetic Diversity in the Paramecium aurelia Species Complex.
F. Catania, F. Wurmser, A. A. Potekhin, E. Przybos, and M. Lynch (2009)
Mol. Biol. Evol. 26, 421-431
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Divergent Evolution of Duplicate Genes Leads to Genetic Incompatibilities Within A. thaliana.
D. Bikard, D. Patel, C. Le Mette, V. Giorgi, C. Camilleri, M. J. Bennett, and O. Loudet (2009)
Science 323, 623-626
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Floral variation and floral genetics in basal angiosperms.
P. S. Soltis, S. F. Brockington, M.-J. Yoo, A. Piedrahita, M. Latvis, M. J. Moore, A. S. Chanderbali, and D. E. Soltis (2009)
Am. J. Botany 96, 110-128
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Polyploidy and angiosperm diversification.
D. E. Soltis, V. A. Albert, J. Leebens-Mack, C. D. Bell, A. H. Paterson, C. Zheng, D. Sankoff, C. W. dePamphilis, P. K. Wall, and P. S. Soltis (2009)
Am. J. Botany 96, 336-348
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Functional Role of Pack-MULEs in Rice Inferred from Purifying Selection and Expression Profile.
K. Hanada, V. Vallejo, K. Nobuta, R. K. Slotkin, D. Lisch, B. C. Meyers, S.-H. Shiu, and N. Jiang (2009)
PLANT CELL 21, 25-38
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Formation and Longevity of Chimeric and Duplicate Genes in Drosophila melanogaster.
R. L. Rogers, T. Bedford, and D. L. Hartl (2009)
Genetics 181, 313-322
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Comparative Genomics and Molecular Dynamics of DNA Repeats in Eukaryotes.
G.-F. Richard, A. Kerrest, and B. Dujon (2008)
Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 72, 686-727
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Regulation Dynamics of WGD Genes during Yeast Metabolic Oscillation.
H. Chen, L. Xu, and Z. Gu (2008)
Mol. Biol. Evol. 25, 2513-2516
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Differential Accumulation of Retroelements and Diversification of NB-LRR Disease Resistance Genes in Duplicated Regions following Polyploidy in the Ancestor of Soybean.
R. W. Innes, C. Ameline-Torregrosa, T. Ashfield, E. Cannon, S. B. Cannon, B. Chacko, N. W.G. Chen, A. Couloux, A. Dalwani, R. Denny, et al. (2008)
Plant Physiology 148, 1740-1759
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Tomato Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase Gene Family, Highly Redundant but Strongly Underutilized.
A. Chang, M.-H. Lim, S.-W. Lee, E. J. Robb, and R. N. Nazar (2008)
J. Biol. Chem. 283, 33591-33601
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Divergence among Genes Encoding the Elongation Factor Tu of Yersinia Species.
S. Isabel, E. Leblanc, M. Boissinot, D. K. Boudreau, M. Grondin, F. J. Picard, E. A. Martel, N. J. Parham, P. S. G. Chain, D. E. Bader, et al. (2008)
J. Bacteriol. 190, 7548-7558
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Gene Duplications and Losses within the Cyclooxygenase Family of Teleosts and Other Chordates.
J. C. Havird, M. M. Miyamoto, K. P. Choe, and D. H. Evans (2008)
Mol. Biol. Evol. 25, 2349-2359
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Multiple Genome Comparison within a Bacterial Species Reveals a Unit of Evolution Spanning Two Adjacent Genes in a Tandem Paralog Cluster.
T. Tsuru and I. Kobayashi (2008)
Mol. Biol. Evol. 25, 2457-2473
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Subclade of Flavin-Monooxygenases Involved in Aliphatic Glucosinolate Biosynthesis.
J. Li, B. G. Hansen, J. A. Ober, D. J. Kliebenstein, and B. A. Halkier (2008)
Plant Physiology 148, 1721-1733
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Small-scale copy number variation and large-scale changes in gene expression.
Y. Mileyko, R. I. Joh, and J. S. Weitz (2008)
PNAS 105, 16659-16664
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Recent Origins of Sperm Genes in Drosophila.
S. Dorus, Z. N. Freeman, E. R. Parker, B. D. Heath, and T. L. Karr (2008)
Mol. Biol. Evol. 25, 2157-2166
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Importance of Lineage-Specific Expansion of Plant Tandem Duplicates in the Adaptive Response to Environmental Stimuli.
K. Hanada, C. Zou, M. D. Lehti-Shiu, K. Shinozaki, and S.-H. Shiu (2008)
Plant Physiology 148, 993-1003
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Receptor-Like Cytoplasmic Kinase (OsRLCK) Gene Family in Rice: Organization, Phylogenetic Relationship, and Expression during Development and Stress.
S. Vij, J. Giri, P. K. Dansana, S. Kapoor, and A. K. Tyagi (2008)
Mol Plant 1, 732-750
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
On the origin of new genes in Drosophila.
Q. Zhou, G. Zhang, Y. Zhang, S. Xu, R. Zhao, Z. Zhan, X. Li, Y. Ding, S. Yang, and W. Wang (2008)
Genome Res. 18, 1446-1455
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Preservation of a Pseudogene by Gene Conversion and Diversifying Selection.
S. Takuno, T. Nishio, Y. Satta, and H. Innan (2008)
Genetics 180, 517-531
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Duplication of Teichoic Acid Biosynthetic Genes in Staphylococcus aureus Leads to Functionally Redundant Poly(Ribitol Phosphate) Polymerases.
M. P. Pereira, M. A. D'Elia, J. Troczynska, and E. D. Brown (2008)
J. Bacteriol. 190, 5642-5649
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Clinical, Agricultural, and Evolutionary Biology of Myostatin: A Comparative Review.
B. D. Rodgers and D. K. Garikipati (2008)
Endocr. Rev. 29, 513-534
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A protein functional leap: how a single mutation reverses the function of the transcription regulator TetR.
M. Resch, H. Striegl, E. M. Henssler, M. Sevvana, C. Egerer-Sieber, E. Schiltz, W. Hillen, and Y. A. Muller (2008)
Nucleic Acids Res. 36, 4390-4401
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Gene Dosage and Gene Duplicability.
W. Qian and J. Zhang (2008)
Genetics 179, 2319-2324
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Duplication and Functional Diversification of HAP3 Genes Leading to the Origin of the Seed-Developmental Regulatory Gene, LEAFY COTYLEDON1 (LEC1), in Nonseed Plant Genomes.
Z. Xie, X. Li, B. J. Glover, S. Bai, G.-Y. Rao, J. Luo, and J. Yang (2008)
Mol. Biol. Evol. 25, 1581-1592
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Probabilistic Cross-Species Inference of Orthologous Genomic Regions Created by Whole-Genome Duplication in Yeast.
G. C. Conant and K. H. Wolfe (2008)
Genetics 179, 1681-1692
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Parallel Domestication, Convergent Evolution and Duplicated Gene Recruitment in Allopolyploid Cotton.
R. Hovav, B. Chaudhary, J. A. Udall, L. Flagel, and J. F. Wendel (2008)
Genetics 179, 1725-1733
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Avian IgY Binds to a Monocyte Receptor with IgG-like Kinetics Despite an IgE-like Structure.
A. I. Taylor, H. J. Gould, B. J. Sutton, and R. A. Calvert (2008)
J. Biol. Chem. 283, 16384-16390
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Origin of INSL3-mediated testicular descent in therian mammals.
J.-I. Park, J. Semyonov, C. L. Chang, W. Yi, W. Warren, and S. Y. T. Hsu (2008)
Genome Res. 18, 974-985
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Antagonistic Jacalin-Related Lectins Regulate the Size of ER Body-Type {beta}-Glucosidase Complexes in Arabidopsis thaliana.
A. J. Nagano, Y. Fukao, M. Fujiwara, M. Nishimura, and I. Hara-Nishimura (2008)
Plant Cell Physiol. 49, 969-980
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Prm3, the Fourth Gene in the Mouse Protamine Gene Cluster, Encodes a Conserved Acidic Protein That Affects Sperm Motility.
P. Grzmil, D. Boinska, K. C. Kleene, I. Adham, G. Schluter, M. Kamper, B. Buyandelger, A. Meinhardt, S. Wolf, and W. Engel (2008)
Biol Reprod 78, 958-967
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Evolutionary Origins of a Novel Host Plant Detoxification Gene in Butterflies.
H. M. Fischer, C. W. Wheat, D. G. Heckel, and H. Vogel (2008)
Mol. Biol. Evol. 25, 809-820
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Partitioned expression of duplicated genes during development and evolution of a single cell in a polyploid plant.
R. Hovav, J. A. Udall, B. Chaudhary, R. Rapp, L. Flagel, and J. F. Wendel (2008)
PNAS 105, 6191-6195
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Sequence Level Analysis of Recently Duplicated Regions in Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] Genome.
K. Van, D. H. Kim, C. M. Cai, M. Y. Kim, J. H. Shin, M. A. Graham, R. C. Shoemaker, B.-S. Choi, T.-J. Yang, and S.-H. Lee (2008)
DNA Res 15, 93-102
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Divergence Times in Caenorhabditis and Drosophila Inferred from Direct Estimates of the Neutral Mutation Rate.
A. D. Cutter (2008)
Mol. Biol. Evol. 25, 778-786
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Adaptive Evolution of the Insulin Two-Gene System in Mouse.
M.-S. Shiao, B.-Y. Liao, M. Long, and H.-T. Yu (2008)
Genetics 178, 1683-1691
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Qualifying the relationship between sequence conservation and molecular function.
G. M. Cooper and C. D. Brown (2008)
Genome Res. 18, 201-205
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Gene number expansion and contraction in vertebrate genomes with respect to invertebrate genomes.
A. Prachumwat and W.-H. Li (2008)
Genome Res. 18, 221-232
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A Botrytis cinerea Emopamil Binding Domain Protein, Required for Full Virulence, Belongs to a Eukaryotic Superfamily Which Has Expanded in Euascomycetes.
A. Gioti, J. M. Pradier, E. Fournier, P. Le Pecheur, C. Giraud, D. Debieu, J. Bach, P. Leroux, and C. Levis (2008)
Eukaryot. Cell 7, 368-378
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Rapid Evolution of Two Odorant-Binding Protein Genes, Obp57d and Obp57e, in the Drosophila melanogaster Species Group.
T. Matsuo (2008)
Genetics 178, 1061-1072
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Duplication of Accelerated Evolution and Growth Hormone Gene in Passerine Birds.
T. Yuri, R. T. Kimball, E. L. Braun, and M. J. Braun (2008)
Mol. Biol. Evol. 25, 352-361
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Preferential protection of protein interaction network hubs in yeast: Evolved functionality of genetic redundancy.
R. Kafri, O. Dahan, J. Levy, and Y. Pilpel (2008)
PNAS 105, 1243-1248
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
MANTIS: a phylogenetic framework for multi-species genome comparisons.
A. C. Tzika, R. Helaers, Y. Van de Peer, and M. C. Milinkovitch (2008)
Bioinformatics 24, 151-157
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
EPGD: a comprehensive web resource for integrating and displaying eukaryotic paralog/paralogon information.
G. Ding, Y. Sun, H. Li, Z. Wang, H. Fan, C. Wang, D. Yang, and Y. Li (2008)
Nucleic Acids Res. 36, D255-D262
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Physcomitrella Genome Reveals Evolutionary Insights into the Conquest of Land by Plants.
S. A. Rensing, D. Lang, A. D. Zimmer, A. Terry, A. Salamov, H. Shapiro, T. Nishiyama, P.-F. Perroud, E. A. Lindquist, Y. Kamisugi, et al. (2008)
Science 319, 64-69
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
An Unstable Targeted Allele of the Mouse Mitf Gene With a High Somatic and Germline Reversion Rate.
K. Bismuth, S. Skuntz, J. H. Hallsson, E. Pak, A. S. Dutra, E. Steingrimsson, and H. Arnheiter (2008)
Genetics 178, 259-272
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A burst of protein sequence evolution and a prolonged period of asymmetric evolution follow gene duplication in yeast.
D. R. Scannell and K. H. Wolfe (2008)
Genome Res. 18, 137-147
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Large Gene Family Expansion and Variable Selective Pressures for Cathepsin B in Aphids.
C. Rispe, M. Kutsukake, V. Doublet, S. Hudaverdian, F. Legeai, J.-C. Simon, D. Tagu, and T. Fukatsu (2008)
Mol. Biol. Evol. 25, 5-17
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A Genomic and Expression Compendium of the Expanded PEBP Gene Family from Maize.
O. N. Danilevskaya, X. Meng, Z. Hou, E. V. Ananiev, and C. R. Simmons (2008)
Plant Physiology 146, 250-264
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Evolutionary rate analyses of orthologs and paralogs from 12 Drosophila genomes.
A. Heger and C. P. Ponting (2007)
Genome Res. 17, 1837-1849
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Accurate gene-tree reconstruction by learning gene- and species-specific substitution rates across multiple complete genomes.
M. D. Rasmussen and M. Kellis (2007)
Genome Res. 17, 1932-1942
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
On the Genealogy of a Duplicated Microsatellite.
K. Zhang and N. A. Rosenberg (2007)
Genetics 177, 2109-2122
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Multiple Origins and Rapid Evolution of Duplicated Mitochondrial Genes in Parthenogenetic Geckos (Heteronotia binoei; Squamata, Gekkonidae).
M. K. Fujita, J. L. Boore, and C. Moritz (2007)
Mol. Biol. Evol. 24, 2775-2786
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »


To Advertise     Find Products

Science. ISSN 0036-8075 (print), 1095-9203 (online)