Note to users. If you're seeing this message, it means that your browser cannot find this page's style/presentation instructions -- or possibly that you are using a browser that does not support current Web standards. Find out more about why this message is appearing, and what you can do to make your experience of our site the best it can be.
Cooperative Regulation of Cell Polarity and Growth by Drosophila Tumor Suppressors
David Bilder,1*
Min Li,2
Norbert Perrimon12
Loss of cell polarity and tissue architecture are
characteristics of malignant cancers derived from epithelial tissues.
Weprovide evidence from Drosophila that a group of
membrane-associatedproteins act in concert to regulate both epithelial
structureand cell proliferation. Scribble (Scrib) is a cell
junction-localizedprotein required for polarization of embryonic and,
as demonstratedhere, imaginal disc and follicular epithelia. We show
that thetumor suppressors lethal giant larvae
(lgl) and discs-large (dlg)have
identical effects on all three epithelia, and that scribalso acts as a tumor suppressor. Scrib and Dlg colocalize andoverlap
with Lgl in epithelia; activity of all three genes isrequired for
cortical localization of Lgl and junctional localizationof Scrib and
Dlg. scrib, dlg, and lgl show strong
genetic interactions.Our data indicate that the three tumor
suppressors act togetherin a common pathway to regulate cell polarity
and growth control.
1 Department of Genetics and
2 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical
School, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
*
To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
bilder{at}rascal.med.harvard.edu
The editors suggest the following Related Resources on Science sites:
In Science Magazine
PERSPECTIVES
Mark Peifer (7 July 2000) Science289 (5476), 67.
[DOI: 10.1126/science.289.5476.67] |Summary »|Full Text »
THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES:
Serine Protease HtrA1 Associates with Microtubules and Inhibits Cell Migration.
J. Chien, T. Ota, G. Aletti, R. Shridhar, M. Boccellino, L. Quagliuolo, A. Baldi, and V. Shridhar (2009)
Mol. Cell. Biol.
29, 4177-4187
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Troponin I and Tropomyosin regulate chromosomal stability and cell polarity.
V. K. Sahota, B. F. Grau, A. Mansilla, and A. Ferrus (2009)
J. Cell Sci.
122, 2623-2631
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
The Hippo pathway regulates apical-domain size independently of its growth-control function.
A. Genevet, C. Polesello, K. Blight, F. Robertson, L. M. Collinson, F. Pichaud, and N. Tapon (2009)
J. Cell Sci.
122, 2360-2370
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Vimentin Regulates Scribble Activity by Protecting It from Proteasomal Degradation.
D. C.Y. Phua, P. O. Humbert, and W. Hunziker (2009)
Mol. Biol. Cell
20, 2841-2855
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
LKB1 regulates polarity remodeling and adherens junction formation in the Drosophila eye.
N. Amin, A. Khan, D. St. Johnston, I. Tomlinson, S. Martin, J. Brenman, and H. McNeill (2009)
PNAS
106, 8941-8946
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Aberrant Splicing of Hugl-1 Is Associated with Hepatocellular Carcinoma Progression.
X. Lu, X. Feng, X. Man, G. Yang, L. Tang, D. Du, F. Zhang, H. Yuan, Q. Huang, Z. Zhang, et al. (2009)
Clin. Cancer Res.
15, 3287-3296
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Non-canonical Wnt signaling regulates cell polarity in female reproductive tract development via van gogh-like 2.
Frequent Unanticipated Alleles of lethal giant larvae in Drosophila Second Chromosome Stocks.
F. Roegiers, J. Kavaler, N. Tolwinski, Y.-T. Chou, H. Duan, F. Bejarano, D. Zitserman, and E. C. Lai (2009)
Genetics
182, 407-410
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Persistent competition among stem cells and their daughters in the Drosophila ovary germline niche.
C. Rhiner, B. Diaz, M. Portela, J. F. Poyatos, I. Fernandez-Ruiz, J. M. Lopez-Gay, O. Gerlitz, and E. Moreno (2009)
Development
136, 995-1006
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
CDK phosphorylation of the discs large tumour suppressor controls its localisation and stability.
Scrib regulates PAK activity during the cell migration process.
S. Nola, M. Sebbagh, S. Marchetto, N. Osmani, C. Nourry, S. Audebert, C. Navarro, R. Rachel, M. Montcouquiol, N. Sans, et al. (2008)
Hum. Mol. Genet.
17, 3552-3565
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Vesicles and actin are targeted to the cleavage furrow via furrow microtubules and the central spindle.
R. Albertson, J. Cao, T.-s. Hsieh, and W. Sullivan (2008)
J. Cell Biol.
181, 777-790
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Regulation of Early Endosomal Entry by the Drosophila Tumor Suppressors Rabenosyn and Vps45.
H. A. Morrison, H. Dionne, T. E. Rusten, A. Brech, W. W. Fisher, B. D. Pfeiffer, S. E. Celniker, H. Stenmark, and D. Bilder (2008)
Mol. Biol. Cell
19, 4167-4176
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Palmitoylation of ERBIN is required for its plasma membrane localization..
I. Izawa, M. Nishizawa, Y. Hayashi, and M. Inagaki (2008)
Genes Cells
13, 691-701
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
The Drosophila homolog of human tumor suppressor TSC-22 promotes cellular growth, proliferation, and survival.
X. Wu, M. Yamada-Mabuchi, E. J. Morris, P. S. Tanwar, L. Dobens, S. Gluderer, S. Khan, J. Cao, H. Stocker, E. Hafen, et al. (2008)
PNAS
105, 5414-5419
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Basolateral Junctions Utilize Warts Signaling to Control Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Proliferation Crucial For Migration and Invasion of Drosophila Ovarian Epithelial Cells.
M. Zhao, P. Szafranski, C. A. Hall, and S. Goode (2008)
Genetics
178, 1947-1971
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Endosomal entry regulates Notch receptor activation in Drosophila melanogaster.
T. Vaccari, H. Lu, R. Kanwar, M. E. Fortini, and D. Bilder (2008)
J. Cell Biol.
180, 755-762
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
JAM-A is both essential and inhibitory to development of hepatic polarity in WIF-B cells.
L. T. Braiterman, S. Heffernan, L. Nyasae, D. Johns, A. P. See, R. Yutzy, A. McNickle, M. Herman, A. Sharma, U. P. Naik, et al. (2008)
Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol
294, G576-G588
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Lgl and its phosphorylation by aPKC regulate oocyte polarity formation in Drosophila.
A Mosaic Genetic Screen for Drosophila Neoplastic Tumor Suppressor Genes Based on Defective Pupation.
L. Menut, T. Vaccari, H. Dionne, J. Hill, G. Wu, and D. Bilder (2007)
Genetics
177, 1667-1677
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Renal defects associated with improper polarization of the CRB and DLG polarity complexes in MALS-3 knockout mice.
O. Olsen, L. Funke, J.-f. Long, M. Fukata, T. Kazuta, J. C. Trinidad, K. A. Moore, H. Misawa, P. A. Welling, A. L. Burlingame, et al. (2007)
J. Cell Biol.
179, 151-164
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
The Drosophila homolog of the Exo84 exocyst subunit promotes apical epithelial identity.
J. T. Blankenship, M. T. Fuller, and J. A. Zallen (2007)
J. Cell Sci.
120, 3099-3110
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
p32 is a novel mammalian Lgl binding protein that enhances the activity of protein kinase C{zeta} and regulates cell polarity.
C. U. Bialucha, E. C. Ferber, F. Pichaud, S. Y. Peak-Chew, and Y. Fujita (2007)
J. Cell Biol.
178, 575-581
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
An in vivo model of apoptosis: linking cell behaviours and caspase substrates in embryos lacking DIAP1.
D. Chandraratna, N. Lawrence, D. P. Welchman, and B. Sanson (2007)
J. Cell Sci.
120, 2594-2608
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Cell Polarization Defects in Early Heart Development.
E. E. Davis and N. Katsanis (2007)
Circ. Res.
101, 122-124
|Full Text »|PDF »
Disruption of Planar Cell Polarity Signaling Results in Congenital Heart Defects and Cardiomyopathy Attributable to Early Cardiomyocyte Disorganization.
H. M. Phillips, H. J. Rhee, J. N. Murdoch, V. Hildreth, J. D. Peat, R. H. Anderson, A. J. Copp, B. Chaudhry, and D. J. Henderson (2007)
Circ. Res.
101, 137-145
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
E-Cadherin Homophilic Ligation Inhibits Cell Growth and Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Signaling Independently of Other Cell Interactions.
M. Perrais, X. Chen, M. Perez-Moreno, and B. M. Gumbiner (2007)
Mol. Biol. Cell
18, 2013-2025
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
The MAGUK Protein MPP7 Binds to the Polarity Protein hDlg1 and Facilitates Epithelial Tight Junction Formation.
V. M. Stucke, E. Timmerman, J. Vandekerckhove, K. Gevaert, and A. Hall (2007)
Mol. Biol. Cell
18, 1744-1755
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
On the mechanism of wing size determination in fly development.
L. Hufnagel, A. A. Teleman, H. Rouault, S. M. Cohen, and B. I. Shraiman (2007)
PNAS
104, 3835-3840
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
The Human Papillomavirus E6 Oncogene Dysregulates the Cell Cycle and Contributes to Cervical Carcinogenesis through Two Independent Activities.
A. Shai, T. Brake, C. Somoza, and P. F. Lambert (2007)
Cancer Res.
67, 1626-1635
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
The Yeast Tumor Suppressor Homologue Sro7p Is Required for Targeting of the Sodium Pumping ATPase to the Cell Surface.
I. Wadskog, A. Forsmark, G. Rossi, C. Konopka, M. Oyen, M. Goksor, H. Ronne, P. Brennwald, and L. Adler (2006)
Mol. Biol. Cell
17, 4988-5003
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Convergent and Divergent Ligand Specificity among PDZ Domains of the LAP and Zonula Occludens (ZO) Families.
Y. Zhang, S. Yeh, B. A. Appleton, H. A. Held, P. J. Kausalya, D. C. Y. Phua, W. Lee Wong, L. A. Lasky, C. Wiesmann, W. Hunziker, et al. (2006)
J. Biol. Chem.
281, 22299-22311
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Csk differentially regulates Src64 during distinct morphological events in Drosophila germ cells.
A. M. O'Reilly, A. C. Ballew, B. Miyazawa, H. Stocker, E. Hafen, and M. A. Simon (2006)
Development
133, 2627-2638
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Lgl mediates apical domain disassembly by suppressing the PAR-3-aPKC-PAR-6 complex to orient apical membrane polarity.
T. Yamanaka, Y. Horikoshi, N. Izumi, A. Suzuki, K. Mizuno, and S. Ohno (2006)
J. Cell Sci.
119, 2107-2118
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Inactivation of aPKC{lambda} results in the loss of adherens junctions in neuroepithelial cells without affecting neurogenesis in mouse neocortex.
F. Imai, S.-i. Hirai, K. Akimoto, H. Koyama, T. Miyata, M. Ogawa, S. Noguchi, T. Sasaoka, T. Noda, and S. Ohno (2006)
Development
133, 1735-1744
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Human scribble, a novel tumor suppressor identified as a target of high-risk HPV E6 for ubiquitin-mediated degradation, interacts with adenomatous polyposis coli.
S. Takizawa, K. Nagasaka, S. Nakagawa, T. Yano, K. Nakagawa, T. Yasugi, T. Takeuchi, T. Kanda, J. M. Huibregtse, T. Akiyama, et al. (2006)
Genes Cells
11, 453-464
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
The mammalian Scribble polarity protein regulates epithelial cell adhesion and migration through E-cadherin.
Y. Qin, C. Capaldo, B. M. Gumbiner, and I. G. Macara (2005)
J. Cell Biol.
171, 1061-1071
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Two Distinct Activities Contribute to Human Papillomavirus 16 E6's Oncogenic Potential.
S. J.S. Simonson, M. J. Difilippantonio, and P. F. Lambert (2005)
Cancer Res.
65, 8266-8273
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Atypical PKC{iota} contributes to poor prognosis through loss of apical-basal polarity and Cyclin E overexpression in ovarian cancer.
A. M. Eder, X. Sui, D. G. Rosen, L. K Nolden, K. W. Cheng, J. P. Lahad, M. Kango-Singh, K. H. Lu, C. L. Warneke, E. N. Atkinson, et al. (2005)
PNAS
102, 12519-12524
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Lethal giant larvae proteins interact with the exocyst complex and are involved in polarized exocytosis.
X. Zhang, P. Wang, A. Gangar, J. Zhang, P. Brennwald, D. TerBush, and W. Guo (2005)
J. Cell Biol.
170, 273-283
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Zebrafish penner/lethal giant larvae 2 functions in hemidesmosome formation, maintenance of cellular morphology and growth regulation in the developing basal epidermis.
M. Sonawane, Y. Carpio, R. Geisler, H. Schwarz, H.-M. Maischein, and C. Nuesslein-Volhard (2005)
Development
132, 3255-3265
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Dual roles of zygotic and maternal Scribble1 in neural migration and convergent extension movements in zebrafish embryos.
H. Wada, M. Iwasaki, T. Sato, I. Masai, Y. Nishiwaki, H. Tanaka, A. Sato, Y. Nojima, and H. Okamoto (2005)
Development
132, 2273-2285
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
The Global Transcriptional Effects of the Human Papillomavirus E6 Protein in Cervical Carcinoma Cell Lines Are Mediated by the E6AP Ubiquitin Ligase.
M. L. Kelley, K. E. Keiger, C. J. Lee, and J. M. Huibregtse (2005)
J. Virol.
79, 3737-3747
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Direct Binding of Lgl2 to LGN during Mitosis and Its Requirement for Normal Cell Division.
M. Yasumi, T. Sakisaka, T. Hoshino, T. Kimura, Y. Sakamoto, T. Yamanaka, S. Ohno, and Y. Takai (2005)
J. Biol. Chem.
280, 6761-6765
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Domains controlling cell polarity and proliferation in the Drosophila tumor suppressor Scribble.
J. Zeitler, C. P. Hsu, H. Dionne, and D. Bilder (2004)
J. Cell Biol.
167, 1137-1146
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Role of the PDZ Domain-Binding Motif of the Oncoprotein E6 in the Pathogenesis of Human Papillomavirus Type 31.
Slik Sterile-20 kinase regulates Moesin activity to promote epithelial integrity during tissue growth.
D. R. Hipfner, N. Keller, and S. M. Cohen (2004)
Genes & Dev.
18, 2243-2248
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
A Genetic Screen for Dominant Modifiers of a cyclin E Hypomorphic Mutation Identifies Novel Regulators of S-Phase Entry in Drosophila.
A. Brumby, J. Secombe, J. Horsfield, M. Coombe, N. Amin, D. Coates, R. Saint, and H. Richardson (2004)
Genetics
168, 227-251
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
S. C.D. van IJzendoorn, D. Theard, J. M. van der Wouden, W. Visser, K. A. Wojtal, and D. Hoekstra (2004)
Mol. Biol. Cell
15, 4105-4114
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
DaPKC-dependent phosphorylation of Crumbs is required for epithelial cell polarity in Drosophila.
S. Sotillos, M. T. Diaz-Meco, E. Caminero, J. Moscat, and S. Campuzano (2004)
J. Cell Biol.
166, 549-557
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Epithelial polarity and proliferation control: links from the Drosophila neoplastic tumor suppressors.
Cell type-specific recruitment of Drosophila Lin-7 to distinct MAGUK-based protein complexes defines novel roles for Sdt and Dlg-S97.
A. Bachmann, M. Timmer, J. Sierralta, G. Pietrini, E. D. Gundelfinger, E. Knust, and U. Thomas (2004)
J. Cell Sci.
117, 1899-1909
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Loss of cell polarity causes severe brain dysplasia in Lgl1 knockout mice.
O. Klezovitch, T. E. Fernandez, S. J. Tapscott, and V. Vasioukhin (2004)
Genes & Dev.
18, 559-571
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Yeast Lacking the SRO7/SOP1-encoded Tumor Suppressor Homologue Show Increased Susceptibility to Apoptosis-like Cell Death on Exposure to NaCl Stress.
I. Wadskog, C. Maldener, A. Proksch, F. Madeo, and L. Adler (2004)
Mol. Biol. Cell
15, 1436-1444
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
The planar cell polarity protein Strabismus promotes Pins anterior localization during asymmetric division of sensory organ precursor cells in Drosophila.
Y. Bellaiche, O. Beaudoin-Massiani, I. Stuttem, and F. Schweisguth (2004)
Development
131, 469-478
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Angiogenic Acceleration of Neu Induced Mammary Tumor Progression and Metastasis.
R. G. Oshima, J. Lesperance, V. Munoz, L. Hebbard, B. Ranscht, N. Sharan, W. J. Muller, C. A. Hauser, and R. D. Cardiff (2004)
Cancer Res.
64, 169-179
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Requirement of PDZ-Containing Proteins for Cell Cycle Regulation and Differentiation in the Mouse Lens Epithelium.
M. M. Nguyen, M. L. Nguyen, G. Caruana, A. Bernstein, P. F. Lambert, and A. E. Griep (2003)
Mol. Cell. Biol.
23, 8970-8981
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Activity of the human papillomavirus E6 PDZ-binding motif correlates with an enhanced morphological transformation of immortalized human keratinocytes.
R. A. Watson, M. Thomas, L. Banks, and S. Roberts (2003)
J. Cell Sci.
116, 4925-4934
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Drosophila aPKC regulates cell polarity and cell proliferation in neuroblasts and epithelia.
M. M. Rolls, R. Albertson, H.-P. Shih, C.-Y. Lee, and C. Q. Doe (2003)
J. Cell Biol.
163, 1089-1098
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
A Genetic Screen in Drosophila for Metastatic Behavior.
Disruption of the Epithelial Apical-Junctional Complex by Helicobacter pylori CagA.
M. R. Amieva, R. Vogelmann, A. Covacci, L. S. Tompkins, W. J. Nelson, and S. Falkow (2003)
Science
300, 1430-1434
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Bazooka is a permissive factor for the invasive behavior of discs large tumor cells in Drosophila ovarian follicular epithelia.
S. Abdelilah-Seyfried, D. N. Cox, and Y. N. Jan (2003)
Development
130, 1927-1935
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Shar-pei mediates cell proliferation arrest during imaginal disc growth in Drosophila.
M. Kango-Singh, R. Nolo, C. Tao, P. Verstreken, P. R. Hiesinger, H. J. Bellen, and G. Halder (2003)
Development
129, 5719-5730
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
The Armadillo Family Protein p0071 Is a VE-cadherin- and Desmoplakin-binding Protein.
C. C. Calkins, B. L. Hoepner, C. M. Law, M. R. Novak, S. V. Setzer, M. Hatzfeld, and A. P. Kowalczyk (2003)
J. Biol. Chem.
278, 1774-1783
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Erbin Suppresses the MAP Kinase Pathway.
Y. Z. Huang, M. Zang, W. C. Xiong, Z. Luo, and L. Mei (2003)
J. Biol. Chem.
278, 1108-1114
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Dystroglycan is required for polarizing the epithelial cells and the oocyte in Drosophila.
W.-M. Deng, M. Schneider, R. Frock, C. Castillejo-Lopez, E. A. Gaman, S. Baumgartner, and H. Ruohola-Baker (2003)
Development
130, 173-184
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Composition and Formation of Intercellular Junctions in Epithelial Cells.
A Role for Dystroglycan in Epithelial Polarization: Loss of Function in Breast Tumor Cells.
J. Muschler, D. Levy, R. Boudreau, M. Henry, K. Campbell, and M. J. Bissell (2002)
Cancer Res.
62, 7102-7109
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Quantal Size and Variation Determined by Vesicle Size in Normal and Mutant Drosophila Glutamatergic Synapses.
S. Karunanithi, L. Marin, K. Wong, and H. L. Atwood (2002)
J. Neurosci.
22, 10267-10276
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
A Novel Transforming Growth Factor-beta Receptor-interacting Protein That Is Also a Light Chain of the Motor Protein Dynein.
Q. Tang, C. M. Staub, G. Gao, Q. Jin, Z. Wang, W. Ding, R. E. Aurigemma, and K. M. Mulder (2002)
Mol. Biol. Cell
13, 4484-4496
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Changes in expression of the human homologue of the Drosophila discs large tumour suppressor protein in high-grade premalignant cervical neoplasias.
R. A. Watson, T. P. Rollason, G. M. Reynolds, P. G. Murray, L. Banks, and S. Roberts (2002)
Carcinogenesis
23, 1791-1796
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Regulation of Synaptic Plasticity and Synaptic Vesicle Dynamics by the PDZ Protein Scribble.
J. P. Roche, M. C. Packard, S. Moeckel-Cole, and V. Budnik (2002)
J. Neurosci.
22, 6471-6479
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Regulation of Cerebral Cortical Size by Control of Cell Cycle Exit in Neural Precursors.
The Erbin PDZ Domain Binds with High Affinity and Specificity to the Carboxyl Termini of delta -Catenin and ARVCF.
R. P. Laura, A. S. Witt, H. A. Held, R. Gerstner, K. Deshayes, M. F. T. Koehler, K. S. Kosik, S. S. Sidhu, and L. A. Lasky (2002)
J. Biol. Chem.
277, 12906-12914
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
The Maguk protein, Pals1, functions as an adapter, linking mammalian homologues of Crumbs and Discs Lost.
M. H. Roh, O. Makarova, C.-J. Liu, Shin, S. Lee, S. Laurinec, M. Goyal, R. Wiggins, and B. Margolis (2002)
J. Cell Biol.
157, 161-172
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Assembly of C. elegans apical junctions involves positioning and compaction by LET-413 and protein aggregation by the MAGUK protein DLG-1.
L. McMahon, R. Legouis, J.-L. Vonesch, and M. Labouesse (2002)
J. Cell Sci.
114, 2265-2277
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Densin-180 Interacts with delta -Catenin/Neural Plakophilin-related Armadillo Repeat Protein at Synapses.
I. Izawa, M. Nishizawa, K. Ohtakara, and M. Inagaki (2002)
J. Biol. Chem.
277, 5345-5350
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Mutational analysis of the discs large tumour suppressor identifies domains responsible for human papillomavirus type 18 E6-mediated degradation.