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Science 21 April 2000:
Vol. 288. no. 5465, pp. 475 - 480
DOI: 10.1126/science.288.5465.475
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Review

Quantum Criticality: Competing Ground States in Low Dimensions

Subir Sachdev

Small changes in an external parameter can often lead to dramatic qualitative changes in the lowest energy quantum mechanical ground state of a correlated electron system. In anisotropic crystals, such as the high-temperature superconductors where electron motion occurs primarily on a two-dimensional square lattice, the quantum critical point between two such lowest energy states has nontrivial emergent excitations that control the physics over a significant portion of the phase diagram. Nonzero temperature dynamic properties near quantum critical points are described, using simple theoretical models. Possible quantum phases and transitions in the two-dimensional electron gas on a square lattice are discussed.

Department of Physics, Yale University, Post Office Box 208120, New Haven, CT 06520-8120, USA.
E-mail: subir.sachdev{at}yale.edu; URL: http://pantheon.yale.edu/~subir

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