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Science 17 December 1999:
Vol. 286. no. 5448, pp. 2333 - 2337
DOI: 10.1126/science.286.5448.2333
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Reports

Origin of the West Nile Virus Responsible for an Outbreak of Encephalitis in the Northeastern United States

R. S. Lanciotti, 1* J. T. Roehrig, 1 V. Deubel, 2 J. Smith, 3 M. Parker, 3 K. Steele, 3 B. Crise, 3 K. E. Volpe, 1 M. B. Crabtree, 1 J. H. Scherret, 4 R. A. Hall, 4 J. S. MacKenzie, 4 C. B. Cropp, 1 B. Panigrahy, 5 E. Ostlund, 5 B. Schmitt, 5 M. Malkinson, 6 C. Banet, 6 J. Weissman, 6 N. Komar, 1 H. M. Savage, 1 W. Stone, 7 T. McNamara, 8 D. J. Gubler 1

In late summer 1999, an outbreak of human encephalitis occurred in the northeastern United States that was concurrent with extensive mortality in crows (Corvus species) as well as the deaths of several exotic birds at a zoological park in the same area. Complete genome sequencing of a flavivirus isolated from the brain of a dead Chilean flamingo (Phoenicopterus chilensis), together with partial sequence analysis of envelope glycoprotein (E-glycoprotein) genes amplified from several other species including mosquitoes and two fatal human cases, revealed that West Nile (WN) virus circulated in natural transmission cycles and was responsible for the human disease. Antigenic mapping with E-glycoprotein-specific monoclonal antibodies and E-glycoprotein phylogenetic analysis confirmed these viruses as WN. This North American WN virus was most closely related to a WN virus isolated from a dead goose in Israel in 1998.

1 Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80522, USA.
2 Unité des Arbovirus et Virus des Fièvres Hémorragiques, Institut Pasteur-Paris, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.
3 Divisions of Virology and Pathology, Virology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21701, USA.
4 Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.
5 National Veterinary Services Laboratories (NVSL), Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA.
6 Division of Avian Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Beit-Dagon 50250, Israel.
7 Wildlife Pathology Unit, Division of Fish, Wildlife and Marine Resources, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Delmar, NY 12054, USA.
8 Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY 10460, USA.
*   To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: rsl2{at}cdc.gov

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   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Enzymatic Characterization and Homology Model of a Catalytically Active Recombinant West Nile Virus NS3 Protease.
T. A. Nall, K. J. Chappell, M. J. Stoermer, N.-X. Fang, J. D. A. Tyndall, P. R. Young, and D. P. Fairlie (2004)
J. Biol. Chem. 279, 48535-48542
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
ChimeriVax-West Nile Virus Live-Attenuated Vaccine: Preclinical Evaluation of Safety, Immunogenicity, and Efficacy.
J. Arroyo, C. Miller, J. Catalan, G. A. Myers, M. S. Ratterree, D. W. Trent, and T. P. Monath (2004)
J. Virol. 78, 12497-12507
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Characterization of a West Nile Virus Isolate from a Human on the Gulf Coast of Texas.
B. P. Granwehr, L. Li, C. T. Davis, D. W. C. Beasley, and A. D. T. Barrett (2004)
J. Clin. Microbiol. 42, 5375-5377
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
CONSTRUCTION OF YELLOW FEVER/ST. LOUIS ENCEPHALITIS CHIMERIC VIRUS AND THE USE OF CHIMERAS AS A DIAGNOSTIC TOOL.
K. V. PUGACHEV, F. GUIRAKHOO, F. MITCHELL, S. W. OCRAN, M. PARSONS, B. W. JOHNSON, O. L. KOSOY, R. S. LANCIOTTI, J. T. ROEHRIG, D. W. TRENT, et al. (2004)
Am J Trop Med Hyg 71, 639-645
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Role of CD8+ T Cells in Control of West Nile Virus Infection.
B. Shrestha and M. S. Diamond (2004)
J. Virol. 78, 8312-8321
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Host Response to West Nile Virus Infection Limits Viral Spread through the Activation of the Interferon Regulatory Factor 3 Pathway.
B. L. Fredericksen, M. Smith, M. G. Katze, P.-Y. Shi, and M. Gale Jr. (2004)
J. Virol. 78, 7737-7747
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
PREVALENCE OF WEST NILE VIRUS IN TREE CANOPY-INHABITING CULEX PIPIENS AND ASSOCIATED MOSQUITOES.
J. F. ANDERSON, T. G. ANDREADIS, A. J. MAIN, and D. L. KLINE (2004)
Am J Trop Med Hyg 71, 112-119
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Experimental West Nile Virus Infection in Blue Jays (Cyanocitta cristata) and Crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos).
H. M. Weingartl, J. L. Neufeld, J. Copps, and P. Marszal (2004)
Vet. Pathol. 41, 362-370
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
West Nile Virus Infection in the Eastern Loggerhead Shrike (Lanius ludovicianus migrans): Pathology, Epidemiology, and Immunization.
M. F. Bertelsen, R.-A. Olberg, G. J. Crawshaw, A. Dibernardo, L. R. Lindsay, M. Drebot, and I. K. Barker (2004)
J. Wildl. Dis. 40, 538-542
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Shift in Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) genotype circulating in northern Vietnam: implications for frequent introductions of JEV from Southeast Asia to East Asia.
P. T. Nga, M. d. C. Parquet, V. D. Cuong, S.-P. Ma, F. Hasebe, S. Inoue, Y. Makino, M. Takagi, V. S. Nam, and K. Morita (2004)
J. Gen. Virol. 85, 1625-1631
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
West Nile Virus Infection: A Pediatric Perspective.
E. B. Hayes and D. R. O'Leary (2004)
Pediatrics 113, 1375-1381
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
SYBR Green-Based Real-Time Quantitative PCR Assay for Detection of West Nile Virus Circumvents False-Negative Results Due to Strain Variability.
J. F. Papin, W. Vahrson, and D. P. Dittmer (2004)
J. Clin. Microbiol. 42, 1511-1518
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
West Nile Virus Antibodies in Bats from New Jersey and New York.
J. D. Pilipski, L. M. Pilipski, and L. S. Risley (2004)
J. Wildl. Dis. 40, 335-337
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Isolation and expression pattern of two putative acyl-ACP desaturase cDNAs from Bassia scoparia.
H. M. Whitney, O. Sayanova, J. A. Pickett, and J. A. Napier (2004)
J. Exp. Bot. 55, 787-789
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Mass Media-Induced Availability Bias in the Clinical Suspicion of West Nile Fever.
M. Brezis, D. Halpern-Reichert, and M. J. Schwaber (2004)
Ann Intern Med 140, 234-235
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Detection of Human Anti-Flavivirus Antibodies with a West Nile Virus Recombinant Antigen Microsphere Immunoassay.
S. J. Wong, V. L. Demarest, R. H. Boyle, T. Wang, M. Ledizet, K. Kar, L. D. Kramer, E. Fikrig, and R. A. Koski (2004)
J. Clin. Microbiol. 42, 65-72
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Real-Time Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification for Rapid Detection of West Nile Virus.
M. Parida, G. Posadas, S. Inoue, F. Hasebe, and K. Morita (2004)
J. Clin. Microbiol. 42, 257-263
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Tetracycline-Inducible Packaging Cell Line for Production of Flavivirus Replicon Particles.
T. J. Harvey, W. J. Liu, X. J. Wang, R. Linedale, M. Jacobs, A. Davidson, T. T. T. Le, I. Anraku, A. Suhrbier, P.-Y. Shi, et al. (2004)
J. Virol. 78, 531-538
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A Critical Role for Induced IgM in the Protection against West Nile Virus Infection.
M. S. Diamond, E. M. Sitati, L. D. Friend, S. Higgs, B. Shrestha, and M. Engle (2003)
J. Exp. Med. 198, 1853-1862
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Structure of West Nile Virus.
S. Mukhopadhyay, B.-S. Kim, P. R. Chipman, M. G. Rossmann, and R. J. Kuhn (2003)
Science 302, 248
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Serological evidence of West Nile virus, Usutu virus and Sindbis virus infection of birds in the UK.
A. Buckley, A. Dawson, S. R. Moss, S. A. Hinsley, P. E. Bellamy, and E. A. Gould (2003)
J. Gen. Virol. 84, 2807-2817
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Functional Analysis of Mosquito-Borne Flavivirus Conserved Sequence Elements within 3' Untranslated Region of West Nile Virus by Use of a Reporting Replicon That Differentiates between Viral Translation and RNA Replication.
M. K. Lo, M. Tilgner, K. A. Bernard, and P.-Y. Shi (2003)
J. Virol. 77, 10004-10014
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DNA vaccine coding for the full-length infectious Kunjin virus RNA protects mice against the New York strain of West Nile virus.
R. A. Hall, D. J. Nisbet, K. B. Pham, A. T. Pyke, G. A. Smith, and A. A. Khromykh (2003)
PNAS 100, 10460-10464
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POOR REPLICATION OF WEST NILE VIRUS (NEW YORK 1999 STRAIN) IN THREE REPTILIAN AND ONE AMPHIBIAN SPECIES.
K. KLENK and N. KOMAR (2003)
Am J Trop Med Hyg 69, 260-262
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »


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