Note to users. If you're seeing this message, it means that your browser cannot find this page's style/presentation instructions -- or possibly that you are using a browser that does not support current Web standards. Find out more about why this message is appearing, and what you can do to make your experience of our site the best it can be.

Science 17 December 1999:
Vol. 286. no. 5448, pp. 2331 - 2333
DOI: 10.1126/science.286.5448.2331
Prev | Table of Contents | Next

Reports

Isolation of West Nile Virus from Mosquitoes, Crows, and a Cooper's Hawk in Connecticut

John F. Anderson, 1* Theodore G. Andreadis, 2* Charles R. Vossbrinck, 2* Shirley Tirrell, 3 Edward M. Wakem, 4 Richard A. French, 4 Antonio E. Garmendia, 4 Herbert J. Van Kruiningen 4

West Nile (WN) virus, a mosquito-transmitted virus native to Africa, Asia, and Europe, was isolated from two species of mosquitoes, Culex pipiens and Aedes vexans, and from brain tissues of 28 American crows, Corvus brachyrhynchos, and one Cooper's hawk, Accipiter cooperii, in Connecticut. A portion of the genome of virus isolates from four different hosts was sequenced and analyzed by comparative phylogenetic analysis. Our isolates from Connecticut were similar to one another and most closely related to two WN isolates from Romania (2.8 and 3.6 percent difference). If established in North America, WN virus will likely have severe effects on human health and on the health of populations of birds.

1 Department of Entomology,
2 Department of Soil and Water, the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, Post Office Box 1106, New Haven, CT 06504, USA.
3 Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06512, USA.
4 Department of Pathobiology, University of Connecticut, 61 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
*   To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: john.f.anderson{at}po.state.ct.us, theodore.andreadis{at}po.state.ct.us, charles.vossbrinck{at}po.state.ct.us

Read the Full Text


THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES:
Fusion Loop Peptide of the West Nile Virus Envelope Protein Is Essential for Pathogenesis and Is Recognized by a Therapeutic Cross-Reactive Human Monoclonal Antibody.
H. Sultana, H. G. Foellmer, G. Neelakanta, T. Oliphant, M. Engle, M. Ledizet, M. N. Krishnan, N. Bonafe, K. G. Anthony, W. A. Marasco, et al. (2009)
J. Immunol. 183, 650-660
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
West Nile Virus-Specific CD4 T Cells Exhibit Direct Antiviral Cytokine Secretion and Cytotoxicity and Are Sufficient for Antiviral Protection.
J. D. Brien, J. L. Uhrlaub, and J. Nikolich-Zugich (2008)
J. Immunol. 181, 8568-8575
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Toll-Like Receptor 3 Has a Protective Role against West Nile Virus Infection.
S. Daffis, M. A. Samuel, M. S. Suthar, M. Gale Jr., and M. S. Diamond (2008)
J. Virol. 82, 10349-10358
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Serum antibodies to West Nile virus in naturally exposed and vaccinated horses.
L. A. Magnarelli, S. L. Bushmich, J. F. Anderson, M. Ledizet, and R. A. Koski (2008)
J. Med. Microbiol. 57, 1087-1093
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Dysregulation of TLR3 Impairs the Innate Immune Response to West Nile Virus in the Elderly.
K.-F. Kong, K. Delroux, X. Wang, F. Qian, A. Arjona, S. E. Malawista, E. Fikrig, and R. R. Montgomery (2008)
J. Virol. 82, 7613-7623
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Host Feeding Pattern of Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) and Its Role in Transmission of West Nile Virus in Harris County, Texas.
G. Molaei, T. G. Andreadis, P. M. Armstrong, R. Bueno Jr., J. A. Dennett, S. V. Real, C. Sargent, A. Bala, Y. Randle, H. Guzman, et al. (2007)
Am J Trop Med Hyg 77, 73-81
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Rab 5 Is Required for the Cellular Entry of Dengue and West Nile Viruses.
M. N. Krishnan, B. Sukumaran, U. Pal, H. Agaisse, J. L. Murray, T. W. Hodge, and E. Fikrig (2007)
J. Virol. 81, 4881-4885
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
PATHOLOGY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY OF NATURAL WEST NILE VIRAL INFECTION OF RAPTORS IN GEORGIA.
A. E. Ellis, D. G. Mead, A. B. Allison, D. E. Stallknecht, and E. W. Howerth (2007)
J. Wildl. Dis. 43, 214-223
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Antiviral Peptides Targeting the West Nile Virus Envelope Protein.
F. Bai, T. Town, D. Pradhan, J. Cox, Ashish, M. Ledizet, J. F. Anderson, R. A. Flavell, J. K. Krueger, R. A. Koski, et al. (2007)
J. Virol. 81, 2047-2055
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Pregnancy increases the risk of mortality in West Nile virus-infected mice.
L. Cordoba, E. Escribano-Romero, A. Garmendia, and J.-C. Saiz (2007)
J. Gen. Virol. 88, 476-480
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Development of Multiplex Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase PCR Assays for Detecting Eight Medically Important Flaviviruses in Mosquitoes.
D.-Y. Chao, B. S. Davis, and G.-J. J. Chang (2007)
J. Clin. Microbiol. 45, 584-589
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Avian virulence and thermostable replication of the North American strain of West Nile virus.
R. M. Kinney, C. Y.-H. Huang, M. C. Whiteman, R. A. Bowen, S. A. Langevin, B. R. Miller, and A. C. Brault (2006)
J. Gen. Virol. 87, 3611-3622
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Crystal Structure of West Nile Virus Envelope Glycoprotein Reveals Viral Surface Epitopes.
R. Kanai, K. Kar, K. Anthony, L. H. Gould, M. Ledizet, E. Fikrig, W. A. Marasco, R. A. Koski, and Y. Modis (2006)
J. Virol. 80, 11000-11008
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
{gamma}{delta} T Cells Facilitate Adaptive Immunity against West Nile Virus Infection in Mice.
T. Wang, Y. Gao, E. Scully, C. T. Davis, J. F. Anderson, T. Welte, M. Ledizet, R. Koski, J. A. Madri, A. Barrett, et al. (2006)
J. Immunol. 177, 1825-1832
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
West nile virus in the United States (1999-2005)..
R. Gerhardt (2006)
J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc. 42, 170-177
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
West nile virus in raptors from virginia during 2003: clinical, diagnostic, and epidemiologic findings..
P. H. Joyner, S. Kelly, A. A. Shreve, S. E. Snead, J. M. Sleeman, and D. A. Pettit (2006)
J. Wildl. Dis. 42, 335-344
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Natural and experimental west nile virus infection in five raptor species..
N. Nemeth, D. Gould, R. Bowen, and N. Komar (2006)
J. Wildl. Dis. 42, 1-13
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Protective and Therapeutic Capacity of Human Single-Chain Fv-Fc Fusion Proteins against West Nile Virus.
L. H. Gould, J. Sui, H. Foellmer, T. Oliphant, T. Wang, M. Ledizet, A. Murakami, K. Noonan, C. Lambeth, K. Kar, et al. (2005)
J. Virol. 79, 14606-14613
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
West Nile Virus Inhibits the Signal Transduction Pathway of Alpha Interferon.
J.-T. Guo, J. Hayashi, and C. Seeger (2005)
J. Virol. 79, 1343-1350
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
West Nile Virus Encephalitis in a Dog.
R. W. Read, D. B. Rodriguez, and B. A. Summers (2005)
Vet. Pathol. 42, 219-222
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
AN ANNOTATED CHECKLIST OF PATHOGENIC MICROORGANISMS ASSOCIATED WITH MIGRATORY BIRDS.
Z. Hubalek (2004)
J. Wildl. Dis. 40, 639-659
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A Structural Basis for the Inhibition of the NS5 Dengue Virus mRNA 2'-O-Methyltransferase Domain by Ribavirin 5'-Triphosphate.
D. Benarroch, M.-P. Egloff, L. Mulard, C. Guerreiro, J.-L. Romette, and B. Canard (2004)
J. Biol. Chem. 279, 35638-35643
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
PREVALENCE OF WEST NILE VIRUS IN TREE CANOPY-INHABITING CULEX PIPIENS AND ASSOCIATED MOSQUITOES.
J. F. ANDERSON, T. G. ANDREADIS, A. J. MAIN, and D. L. KLINE (2004)
Am J Trop Med Hyg 71, 112-119
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Experimental West Nile Virus Infection in Blue Jays (Cyanocitta cristata) and Crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos).
H. M. Weingartl, J. L. Neufeld, J. Copps, and P. Marszal (2004)
Vet. Pathol. 41, 362-370
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
SYBR Green-Based Real-Time Quantitative PCR Assay for Detection of West Nile Virus Circumvents False-Negative Results Due to Strain Variability.
J. F. Papin, W. Vahrson, and D. P. Dittmer (2004)
J. Clin. Microbiol. 42, 1511-1518
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Detection of Human Anti-Flavivirus Antibodies with a West Nile Virus Recombinant Antigen Microsphere Immunoassay.
S. J. Wong, V. L. Demarest, R. H. Boyle, T. Wang, M. Ledizet, K. Kar, L. D. Kramer, E. Fikrig, and R. A. Koski (2004)
J. Clin. Microbiol. 42, 65-72
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Global Change and Human Vulnerability to Vector-Borne Diseases.
R. W. Sutherst (2004)
Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 17, 136-173
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Real-Time Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification for Rapid Detection of West Nile Virus.
M. Parida, G. Posadas, S. Inoue, F. Hasebe, and K. Morita (2004)
J. Clin. Microbiol. 42, 257-263
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
IFN-{gamma}-Producing {gamma}{delta} T Cells Help Control Murine West Nile Virus Infection.
T. Wang, E. Scully, Z. Yin, J. H. Kim, S. Wang, J. Yan, M. Mamula, J. F. Anderson, J. Craft, and E. Fikrig (2003)
J. Immunol. 171, 2524-2531
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Virus Detection Protocols for West Nile Virus in Vertebrate and Mosquito Specimens.
E. B. Kauffman, S. A. Jones, A. P. Dupuis II, K. A. Ngo, K. A. Bernard, and L. D. Kramer (2003)
J. Clin. Microbiol. 41, 3661-3667
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Infectious cDNA Clone of the Epidemic West Nile Virus from New York City.
P.-Y. Shi, M. Tilgner, M. K. Lo, K. A. Kent, and K. A. Bernard (2002)
J. Virol. 76, 5847-5856
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
From the Cover: West Nile virus/dengue type 4 virus chimeras that are reduced in neurovirulence and peripheral virulence without loss of immunogenicity or protective efficacy.
A. G. Pletnev, R. Putnak, J. Speicher, E. J. Wagar, and D. W. Vaughn (2002)
PNAS 99, 3036-3041
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Nucleic Acid Sequence-Based Amplification Assays for Rapid Detection of West Nile and St. Louis Encephalitis Viruses.
R. S. Lanciotti and A. J. Kerst (2001)
J. Clin. Microbiol. 39, 4506-4513
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Immunization of Mice Against West Nile Virus with Recombinant Envelope Protein.
T. Wang, J. F. Anderson, L. A. Magnarelli, S. J. Wong, R. A. Koski, and E. Fikrig (2001)
J. Immunol. 167, 5273-5277
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A phylogenetic approach to following West Nile virus in Connecticut.
J. F. Anderson, C. R. Vossbrinck, T. G. Andreadis, A. Iton, W. H. Beckwith III, and D. R. Mayo (2001)
PNAS
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
West Nile Virus.
R. B. Craven and J. T. Roehrig (2001)
JAMA 286, 651-653
   Full Text »    PDF »
Comparison of Flavivirus Universal Primer Pairs and Development of a Rapid, Highly Sensitive Heminested Reverse Transcription-PCR Assay for Detection of Flaviviruses Targeted to a Conserved Region of the NS5 Gene Sequences.
N. Scaramozzino, J.-M. Crance, A. Jouan, D. A. DeBriel, F. Stoll, and D. Garin (2001)
J. Clin. Microbiol. 39, 1922-1927
   Abstract »    Full Text »
West Nile Virus Recombinant DNA Vaccine Protects Mouse and Horse from Virus Challenge and Expresses In Vitro a Noninfectious Recombinant Antigen That Can Be Used in Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays.
B. S. Davis, G.-J. J. Chang, B. Cropp, J. T. Roehrig, D. A. Martin, C. J. Mitchell, R. Bowen, and M. L. Bunning (2001)
J. Virol. 75, 4040-4047
   Abstract »    Full Text »
High-Throughput Detection of West Nile Virus RNA.
P.-Y. Shi, E. B. Kauffman, P. Ren, A. Felton, J. H. Tai, A. P. Dupuis II, S. A. Jones, K. A. Ngo, D. C. Nicholas, J. Maffei, et al. (2001)
J. Clin. Microbiol. 39, 1264-1271
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Antiviral Cytotoxic T Cells Cross-Reactively Recognize Disparate Peptide Determinants from Related Viruses but Ignore More Similar Self- and Foreign Determinants.
M. Regner, M. Lobigs, R. V. Blanden, P. Milburn, and A. Mullbacher (2001)
J. Immunol. 166, 3820-3828
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Rapid Detection of West Nile Virus from Human Clinical Specimens, Field-Collected Mosquitoes, and Avian Samples by a TaqMan Reverse Transcriptase-PCR Assay.
R. S. Lanciotti, A. J. Kerst, R. S. Nasci, M. S. Godsey, C. J. Mitchell, H. M. Savage, N. Komar, N. A. Panella, B. C. Allen, K. E. Volpe, et al. (2000)
J. Clin. Microbiol. 38, 4066-4071
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Recovery and Identification of West Nile Virus from a Hawk in Winter.
A. E. Garmendia, H. J. Van Kruiningen, R. A. French, J. F. Anderson, T. G. Andreadis, A. Kumar, and A. B. West (2000)
J. Clin. Microbiol. 38, 3110-3111
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Pathology of Fatal West Nile Virus Infections in Native and Exotic Birds during the 1999 Outbreak in New York City, New York.
K. E. Steele, M. J. Linn, R. J. Schoepp, N. Komar, T. W. Geisbert, R. M. Manduca, P. P. Calle, B. L. Raphael, T. L. Clippinger, T. Larsen, et al. (2000)
Vet. Pathol. 37, 208-224
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A phylogenetic approach to following West Nile virus in Connecticut.
J. F. Anderson, C. R. Vossbrinck, T. G. Andreadis, A. Iton, W. H. Beckwith III, and D. R. Mayo (2001)
PNAS 98, 12885-12889
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »


To Advertise     Find Products

Science. ISSN 0036-8075 (print), 1095-9203 (online)